Lancefield Swamp

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Coordinates: 37°17′02″S144°43′25″E / 37.283833°S 144.723617°E / -37.283833; 144.723617

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The Lancefield Swamp is a rich fossil deposit from the Pleistocene epoch was discovered in the 19th century near Lancefield, Victoria, Australia.

The Pleistocene is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the world's most recent period of repeated glaciations. The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the end of the last glacial period and also with the end of the Paleolithic age used in archaeology.

In geochronology, an epoch is a subdivision of the geologic timescale that is longer than an age but shorter than a period. The current epoch is the Holocene Epoch of the Quaternary Period. Rock layers deposited during an epoch are called a series. Series are subdivisions of the stratigraphic column that, like epochs, are subdivisions of the geologic timescale. Like other geochronological divisions, epochs are normally separated by significant changes in the rock layers to which they correspond.

Lancefield, Victoria Town in Victoria, Australia

Lancefield is a town in the Shire of Macedon Ranges local government area in Victoria, Australia 69 kilometres (43 mi) north of the state capital, Melbourne and had a population of 2,357 at the 2011 census.

Description

The site consists of a bone bed lying directly atop a layer of fluvial gravel between layers of clay. [1] The layer of bones is estimated to contain the remains of perhaps 10,000 individual Pleistocene animals. [1] A total of at least 6 Megafauna species are represented, although the majority of bones are from Macropus giganteus or Macropus titan.

Megafauna large or giant animals

In terrestrial zoology, megafauna are large or giant animals. The most common thresholds used are weight over 40 kilograms (90 lb) or 44 kilograms (100 lb) or over a tonne, 1,000 kilograms (2,205 lb). The first of these include many species not popularly thought of as overly large, such as white-tailed deer and red kangaroo.

Human artifacts were found in the bone bed and in the overlying clay. However, evidence of reworking by water flow has been noted. [1] Thus it appears possible such artifacts are intrusions.

The Lancefield Swamp fossil site is important in the debate over the time of and causes of the extinction of Australian Megafauna. Humans are estimated to have arrived in Pleistocene Australia, or Sahul, at anything from 60 ka to about 45 ka.[ citation needed ]

Australian megafauna

Australian megafauna comprises a number of large animal species in Australia, often defined as species with body mass estimates of greater than 45 kg (100 lb) or equal to or greater than 130% of the body mass of their closest living relatives. Many of these species became extinct during the Pleistocene.

Initial radiocarbon dates yielded estimates of 31ka, a comparatively young age approaching the Last Glacial Maximum. Horton therefore claimed Lancefield as a decisive example of the survival of Australian Megafauna for many thousands of years after the arrival of modern humans in prehistoric Sahul. [2]

But when Lancefield Swamp was investigated by van Huet, it was found that the bones had indeed been reworked by fast flowing water at some time after the animals had died. [3] This conclusion was based upon observations that the bones show signs of post-depositional wear, that they are all disarticulated, that complete skulls are lacking, [1] that the majority of bones are large and that they tend to be aligned along a common axis indicative of the direction of water flow. It thus appeared probable that lighter bones had been washed away whereas heavier bones remained in situ. Dating of Diprotodon teeth [4] from the bone bed yielded ages of 46-56 ka by means of ESR and a minimum of 32 ka by means of Carbon-14.

However, as result of excavations begun in 2004, Dortch et al. suggest that the Lancefield Megafauna remains have not in fact been disturbed since deposition. [5] Thus it is hoped that dates assigned to the Lancefield bones are reliable and therefore represent their true age since burial. If age estimates turn out to be on the high side, say 60ka or greater, the Lancefield bones may contribute little to our understanding of the effects of human activities upon the Australian Megafauna since such an age would pre-date the arrival of modern humans in Sahul by a wide margin.

On the other hand, if the dates are comparatively recent, say less than 35 ka, then humans would be exculpated as the causative agent. If however the estimate falls somewhere close to 46ka then human arrival and the final demise of the Megafauna would appear to be closely associated.

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Gillespie R. et al. "Lancefield Swamp and the Extinction of the Australian Megafauna", Science 200, 1978, 1044-8.
  2. Horton D. The Pure State of Nature, Allen & Unwin, Sydney 2000.
  3. van Huet S. "The Taphonomy of the Lancefield Swamp Megafaunal Accumulation, Lancefield, Victoria". Records of the Western Australian Museum, supplement 57, 331-340, 1999.
  4. van Huet S. et al. "Age of the Lancefield Megafauna: a reappraisal". Australian Archaeology, 46, 1998.
  5. Dortch 2004:Formal Report

The Huet excavations were in a different part of the site to the original excavations. Also, Gillespie et al. did not find evidence of reworking, just the reverse. The deposits were clearly in situ in their part of the site.