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Pope Gregory IX was head of the Catholic Church and the ruler of the Papal States from 19 March 1227 until his death in 1241. He is known for issuing the Decretales and instituting the Papal Inquisition, in response to the failures of the episcopal inquisitions established during the time of Pope Lucius III, by means of the papal bull Ad abolendam, issued in 1184.
Frederick II was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225. He was the son of Emperor Henry VI of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and Queen Constance of Sicily of the Hauteville dynasty.
The Treaty of San Germano was signed on 23 July 1230 at San Germano, present-day Cassino, ending the War of the Keys that had begun in 1228. The parties were Pope Gregory IX and Frederick II, king of Sicily and Holy Roman emperor. On 28 August at Ceprano, the peace was finalized with the readmission of the excommunicated Frederick into the church.
The Archdiocese of Reggio Calabria-Bova is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Calabria, southern Italy. It received its current title in 1986, when the independent Diocese of Bova was suppressed, and the territory and title of the diocese added to that of the Archdiocese of Reggio.
John Halgren of Abbeville was a French scholastic theologian and cleric. He served successively as a university professor, priest, prior, archbishop, cardinal, apostolic legate and diplomat.
The Archdiocese of Messina is a Latin archdiocese of the Catholic Church. It was founded as the Diocese of Messina but was raised to the level of an archdiocese on 30 September 1986 with the merging with the former Diocese of Lipari and the Territorial Prelature of Santa Lucia del Mela (1206), and as suffragans the Diocese of Patti and Diocese of Nicosia.
Otto of Tonengo was an Italian papal diplomat and cardinal, first as deacon of San Nicola in Carcere from 1227 and then as bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina from 1244.
Robert of Nantes was the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem from 1240 to 1254.
Enrico Filangieri was an Italian nobleman and Dominican friar who served as the archbishop of Bari in the Kingdom of Sicily from May 1252 until his death.
Thomas of Capua, also called Tommaso di Eboli, was an Italian prelate and diplomat. He served as the archbishop-elect of Naples from 1215 until 1216 and then as a cardinal until his death. He administered the diocese of Albano between 1218 and 1222 and was the papal legate in the kingdom of Italy from November 1236 until October 1237. He was the most important of Pope Gregory IX's negotiators with the Emperor Frederick II between 1227 and 1237.
James of Pecorara or Giacomo da Pecorara was an Italian monk, cardinal and diplomat.
Peter of Capua, known in Italian as Pietro Capuano, was an Italian theologian and clergyman who taught at the University of Paris from 1206 to 1218, was briefly patriarchate-designate of Antioch in 1219 and was then cardinal-deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro from 1219 until his death. The scion of an illustrious family from the Kingdom of Sicily and educated at Paris, he became known in Rome as a friend of the French church and of the Holy Roman Emperor.
The War of the Keys (1228–1230) was the first military conflict between Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Papacy. Fighting took place in central and southern Italy. The Papacy made strong gains at first, securing the Papal States and invading the Kingdom of Sicily, while Frederick was away on the Sixth Crusade. Upon his return, he defeated the papal forces, forcing Pope Gregory IX to begin peace talks. After drawn-out negotiations, the treaty of San Germano terminated the conflict with no territorial changes.
Pandulf of Anagni was an Italian cleric and military commander who became the bishop of Anagni in 1237. He came from a prominent family closely connected to a series of popes. In papal service, he led an army into the Kingdom of Sicily during the War of the Keys in 1229. As bishop, he commissioned the frescoes in the cathedral of Anagni.
Stephen of Anagni was an Italian priest in papal service.
Berthold of Urslingen was a German nobleman whose career was spent almost entirely in central Italy, where his family had a claim to the duchy of Spoleto.
Enrico da Settala, sometimes anglicized Henry of Settala, was the archbishop of Milan from 1213 until his death.
Aldoin, also spelled Arduin or Harduin, was the bishop of Cefalù from 1217 until his death. He is best known for his three exiles and his trial for maladministration in 1223–1224.
John of Cicala was the bishop of Cefalù from 1195 until his death. He owed his rise to his family's alliance with the Staufer. Although he flirted with pro-papal politics in his early years, he was generally a close ally of the Staufer kings Henry VI and Frederick II. He was entrusted with a diplomatic mission to the Ayyubid Sultanate in 1213.
Berard of Castagna was a prelate and diplomat of the Kingdom of Sicily, who served as the archbishop of Bari (1207–1213) and archbishop of Palermo (1213–1252). Throughout his career he was a close ally of King Frederick II, who was also Holy Roman Emperor after 1220. He played a prominent role in the Sixth Crusade, both in the diplomatic preliminaries and in Frederick's visit to Jerusalem.