See also
- Expulsion of Germans after World War II
- Federation of Expellees
- Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
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The Landsmannschaft Weichsel-Warthe Bundesverband is an organization of German refugees expelled from their homes in modern-day Poland after World War II. The organization is based in Wiesbaden, and it was founded in 1949.
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During the later stages of World War II and the post-war period, Germans and Volksdeutsche fled or were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries, including Czechoslovakia, and the former German provinces of Silesia, Pomerania, and East Prussia, which were annexed by other countries. In 1957, Walter Schlesinger discussed reasons for these actions, which reverted the effects of German eastward colonization and expansion: he concluded, "it was a devastating result of twelve years of National Socialist Eastern Policy." The idea to expel the Germans was considered by UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill and by the Polish and Czechoslovak exile governments in London at least since 1942. In late 1944 the Czechoslovak exile government pressed the Allies to espouse the principle of German population transfers. On the other hand, Polish prime minister Tomasz Arciszewski, in an interview for The Sunday Times on 17 December 1944, supported the annexation of Warmia-Masuria, Opole Regency, north-east parts of Lower Silesia, and parts of Pomerania, but he opposed the idea of expulsion. He wanted to naturalize the Germans as Polish citizens and to assimilate them.
Heimatvertriebene are 12—16 million German citizens and ethnic Germans who fled or were expelled after World War II from parts of Germany annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union and from other countries, who found refuge in both West and East Germany, and Austria.
The German occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945) began with the German annexation of Sudetenland as outlined by the Munich Agreement. Adolf Hitler justified the invasion by the purported suffering of the ethnic Germans living in these regions. The Sudetenland annexation by Nazi Germany was detrimental to the future defense of crippled Czechslovakia as the extensive Czechoslovak border fortifications were also located in the same area.
Mass evacuation, forced displacement, expulsion, and deportation of millions of people took place across most countries involved in World War II. A number of these phenomena were categorised as violations of fundamental human values and norms by the Nuremberg Tribunal after the war ended. The mass movement of people – most of them refugees – had either been caused by the hostilities, or enforced by the former Axis and the Allied powers based on ideologies of race and ethnicity, culminating in the postwar border changes enacted by international settlements. The refugee crisis created across formerly occupied territories in World War II provided the context for much of the new international refugee and global human rights architecture existing today.
The Centre Against Expulsions was a planned German documentation centre for expulsions and ethnic cleansing, particularly the expulsion of Germans after World War II. Since March 19, 2008 the name of the project is Sichtbares Zeichen gegen Flucht und Vertreibung.
Bataliony Chłopskie was a Polish World War II resistance movement, guerrilla and partisan organisation. The organisation was created in mid-1940 by the agrarian political party People's Party and by 1944 was partially integrated with the Armia Krajowa. At its height, in summer 1944 the organisation had 160,000 members.
The Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Litauen is an organization of German refugees expelled from their homes in Lithuania to West Germany after World War II.
The Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Ungarn or Homeland Society of Germans from Hungary is an organization which represents ethnic German refugees expelled from their homes in Hungary to western Germany during World War II and its aftermath.
The Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft is an organization representing Sudeten German expellees and refugees from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. Most of them were forcibly expelled and deported to western Allied occupation zones of Germany, which would later form West Germany, from their homelands inside Czechoslovakia during the expulsion of Germans after World War II.
German Hungarians are the German-speaking minority of Hungary sometimes called the Danube Swabians, in Germany, many of whom call themselves "Shwoveh". There are 131,951 Germanic speakers in Hungary. Danube Swabian is a collective term for a number of German ethnic groups who lived in the former Kingdom of Hungary. Hungarian Germans refers to the descendants of Germans who immigrated to the Carpathian Basin and surrounding regions, and who are now minorities in those areas. Many Hungarian Germans were expelled from the region between 1946 and 1948, and many now live in Germany or Austria, but also in Australia, Brazil, the United States, and Canada. However, many are still dispersed within the country of Hungary.
Armenians in Germany are ethnic Armenians living within the modern republic of Germany. Like much of the Armenian diaspora, most Armenians immigrated to Germany after the Armenian Genocide of 1915. Others came later, fleeing conflicts in places like Iran, Azerbaijan and Lebanon. Another influx came fleeing nationalist persecution in Turkey. After World War II, many Soviet Armenians, former POWs in particular, fled to the American occupied areas of Germany. While many traveled on, some settled in the country, providing a base for later asylum-seekers.
The deportation of Germans from Romania after World War II, conducted on Soviet order early in 1945, uprooted 60,000 to 75,000 of Romania's Germans to the USSR; at least 3,000 of the deportees died before release. The deportation was part of the Soviet plan for German war reparations in the form of forced labor, according to the 1944 secret Soviet Order 7161. Most of the survivors returned to Romania between late 1945 and 1952, with a smaller part settling in different parts of Germany.
The Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties, commonly known as Cominform, was the official central organization of the International Communist Movement from 1947 to 1956. Cominform was a supranational alliance of Marxist-Leninist communist parties in Europe to coordinate their activity under the direction of the Soviet Union during the early Cold War. Cominform became de facto inactive in Soviet affairs from 1950 and dissolved during de-Stalinization in 1956.
The Landsmannschaft der Deutschen aus Russland is an organization of German refugees expelled from their homes in Russia to West Germany after World War II.
The Landsmannschaft der Banater Schwaben e.V. is an organization of German Banat Swabians refugees expelled from their homes in Russia after World War II.
The Bund der Danziger is an organization of German refugees from Danzig expelled from their homes after World War II. The organization was founded in 1946.
The Landsmannschaft der Bessarabiendeutschen is an organization of Bessarabia German refugees expelled from their homes after World War II.
The Landsmannschaft der Buchenlanddeutschen is an organization of German refugees expelled from their homes after World War II.
The Karpatendeutsche Landsmannschaft Slowakei is an organization of German refugees expelled from their homes in Slovakia after World War II. The organization is based in Stuttgart, and it was founded in 1949.
The Pommersche Landsmannschaft is an organization of German refugees expelled from their homes in Pomerania after World War II.