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In ancient Roman religion, the devotio was an extreme form of votum in which a Roman general vowed to sacrifice his own life in battle along with the enemy to chthonic gods in exchange for a victory. The most extended description of the ritual is given by the Augustan historian Livy, regarding the self-sacrifice of Decius Mus. The English word "devotion" derives from the Latin.
Poena cullei under Roman law was a type of death penalty imposed on a subject who had been found guilty of patricide. The punishment consisted of being sewn up in a leather sack, with an assortment of live animals including a dog, snake, monkey, and a chicken or rooster, and then being thrown into water.
In the later Roman Empire, honestiores and humiliores emerged as two broad distinctions of social and legal status, those who had held the higher offices (honores) and humbler people. The division starts to become apparent near the end of the 2nd century AD.
The proscription of Sulla was a reprisal campaign by the Roman proconsul and later dictator, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, to eliminate his enemies in the aftermath of his victory in the civil war of 83–82 BC.
References
- ↑ J.D. Cloud, 'How Did Sulla Style His Law de Sicariis?', Classical Review 18(2) (1968), 140-43.
- ↑ Appian, Civil Wars, 1.99
- 1 2 3 Digest of Justinian, 48.8.2.
- ↑ Paulus, Sententiae, 5.23.14-9.
- ↑ D. Ogden, Magic, Witchcraft, and Ghosts in the Greek and Roman Worlds, Oxford: 2009. 279
- ↑ "LacusCurtius — Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
- ↑ P. Schafer, Judeophobia: Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Ancient World, Cambridge, Mass: 1997. 104.
- ↑ Origen, Contra Celsum, 2.13.
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