Related Research Articles
The Kawi or Old Javanese script is a Brahmic script found primarily in Java and used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia between the 8th century and the 16th century. The script is an abugida, meaning that characters are read with an inherent vowel. Diacritics are used, either to suppress the vowel and represent a pure consonant, or to represent other vowels.
The Shailendra dynasty was the name of a notable Indianised dynasty that emerged in 8th-century Java, whose reign signified a cultural renaissance in the region. The Shailendras were active promoters of Mahayana Buddhism and covered the Kedu Plain of Central Java with Buddhist monuments, one of which is the colossal stupa of Borobudur, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Mataram Kingdom ; also known as Medang Kingdom was a Javanese Hindu–Buddhist kingdom that flourished between the 8th and 11th centuries. It was based in Central Java, and later in East Java. Established by King Sanjaya, the kingdom was ruled by the Shailendra dynasty and Ishana dynasty.
George Cœdès was a French scholar of southeast Asian archaeology and history.
Ban Mueang was a king of Sukhothai, an ancient kingdom in Thailand. He was from the House of Phra Ruang.
The Sanjaya dynasty was a Javanese dynasty which ruled the Mataram Kingdom in Java during the first millennium CE. The dynasty promoted Hinduism on the island.
Sanjaya was the founder of the Mataram Kingdom during the 8th century. His name was carved in the Sanskrit Canggal inscription which was found at the Gunung Wukir temple that stood on Wukir or Ukir hill on the southern Kedu Plain in Central Java.
Dyah Pancapana or regnal name Śrī Mahārāja Dyaḥ Pañcapaṇa Kariyāna Paṇaṃkaraṇa Śrī Saṅgrāmadhanañjaya, was the second king of Mataram from the Shailendra dynasty whose kingdom was centered on the Java island Indonesia. He was the immediate successor of Sri Sanjaya, the founder of Sanjaya dynasty as mentioned in the Kalasan inscription. The name of Panangkaran is mentioned in the Balitung charter as the line of kings who were named as the 'builders of kraton'.
Sri Kesari Warmadewa was the first king of Bali whose name is recorded in a written inscription. He was the issuing authority for four inscriptions, including the famous 914 CE inscription on the Belanjong pillar in southern Sanur.
The Belanjong pillar, also Blanjong pillar or Blanjong inscription, is a pillar established in 914 CE in the harbour of Belanjong, in the southern area of Sanur in Bali.
Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa was the first Maharaja of Srivijaya and thought to be the dynastic founder of Kadatuan Srivijaya. His name was mentioned in the series of Srivijayan inscriptions dated from the late 7th century CE dubbed the "Siddhayatra inscriptions", describing his sacred journey to acquire blessings and also to conquer neighboring areas. He reigned around the turn of the late 7th century to early 8th century, more precisely in the period between 671 and 702 CE.
A good number of inscriptions written in Sanskrit language have been found in Malaysia and Indonesia. "Early inscriptions written in Indian languages and scripts abound in Southeast Asia. [...] The fact that southern Indian languages didn't travel eastwards along with the script further suggests that the main carriers of ideas from the southeast coast of India to the east - and the main users in Southeast Asia of religious texts written in Sanskrit and Pali - were Southeast Asians themselves. The spread of these north Indian sacred languages thus provides no specific evidence for any movements of South Asian individuals or groups to Southeast Asia.
The Pratītyasamutpāda-gāthā, also referred to as the Pratītyasamutpāda-dhāraṇī or ye dharmā hetu, is a verse (gāthā) and a dhāraṇī widely used by Buddhists in ancient times which was held to have the function of a mantra or sacred spell. It was often found carved on chaityas, stupas, images, or placed within chaityas.
Dharanindra or commonly known as King Indra was the ruler of the Sailendra dynasty who was the Emperor of Mataram in Central Java and Srivijaya in South Sumatera. Dharanindra was the successor of Panangkaran, he ruled the kingdom in the period 775—800. He was mentioned as a great conqueror and credited for Sailendra's overseas campaign.
Nakhon Si Thammarat is a city municipality located in Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat, the capital of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. Nakhon Si Thammarat Province is situated in the South of Thailand. It is about 610 km (380 mi) south of Bangkok, on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula. The city was the administrative centre of Southern Thailand during most of its history. Originally, a coastal city, silting moved the coastline away from the city. The city has a much larger north to south extension than west to east, which dates back to its original location on a flood-save dune. The modern city centre on the train station is north of Old Town. As of 2019, the city had a population of 102,152.
Grahi inscription is an inscription found in Chaiya, southern Thailand, written in Old Khmer language with Old Sumatran script, and dated to 1183 CE. This inscription is written on the pedestal of a bronze Buddha statue, that is stored at Wat Hua Wiang temple. The name Grahi, called Kia-lo-hi in Chinese record Zhu Fan Zhi, is considered to be the old name of Chaiya. The city was part of Tambralinga, once a border polity between Srivijaya and Khmer kingdoms in the Malay Peninsula.
The Murunda dynasty ruled in the Utkal region of modern Odisha in eastern India during 2nd and 3rd centuries CE. Their territory included parts of the area around the northern districts of coastal Odisha. They appear to have succeeded the Mahameghavahana dynasty and then replaced by Nagas of Vindhyatabi and the Gupta Empire.
Bronze Torso of Avalokiteshavara is a Srivijaya-era bronze torso depicting Avalokiteshvara, a Bodhisattava in Buddhism. It was discovered in Chaiya District, Surat Thani Province in southern Thailand and is currently in a collection of Bangkok National Museum. It is one of the most beautiful and most widely recognised sculptures of Avalokiteshavara in Thailand.
The Wat Sri Chum Inscription, formally known as Sukhothai Inscription No. 2, is a stone stele-bearing inscriptions traditionally regarded as one of the earliest examples of the Thai script. Discovered in 1887 by Lt.Gen. Lord Samosorn Pollakarn. It was eventually deciphered and dated to 1341–1367 during the time of king Maha Thammaracha I, and was expected to be made by Phra Maha Thera Sri Sattha who is the descendant of Srinaw Namthum, founder of the Sukhothai-Si Satchanalai.
Canasapura or Canāśa, Śri Canāśa is an ancient kingdom located in the upper valley of the Mun River, in present-day Isan, the northeastern region of Thailand. The kingdom was mentioned in the No. 118 Bô Ika inscription, founded in Muang Sema, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, dated to c. 790 CE, and also in the No. 117 Śri Canāśa inscription, founded in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya.
References
- 1 2 J. G. de Casparis (1975). Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the Beginnings to C. A.D. 1500, Volume 4. BRILL. p. 29. ISBN 9789004041721.
- ↑ Poesponegoro, M.D. (1992). Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Jaman kuna. PT Balai Pustaka. ISBN 979-407-408-X.
- 1 2 Zakharov, Anton O. (August 2012). "The Sailendras Reconsidered" (PDF). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Singapore.
- ↑ จารึกวัดเสมาเมือง ด้านที่ 1 (in Thai). Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ↑ Majumdar, R.C. (1933). "Le rois Çriwijaya de Suvarnadvipa". Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient. XXXIII: 121–144. doi:10.3406/befeo.1933.4618.
- ↑ จารึกวัดเสมาเมือง ด้านที่ 2 (in Thai). Retrieved 26 June 2021.
- ↑ Cœdès, George (1918). "Le Royaume de Çriwijaya". Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient. 18 (6): 1–36.