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Breast reconstruction is the surgical process of rebuilding the shape and look of a breast,most commonly in women who have had surgery to treat breast cancer. It involves using autologous tissue,prosthetic implants,or a combination of both with the goal of reconstructing a natural-looking breast. This process often also includes the rebuilding of the nipple and areola,known as nipple-areola complex (NAC) reconstruction,as one of the final stages.
Mastectomy is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both breasts,partially or completely. A mastectomy is usually carried out to treat breast cancer. In some cases,women believed to be at high risk of breast cancer have the operation as a preventive measure. Alternatively,some women can choose to have a wide local excision,also known as a lumpectomy,an operation in which a small volume of breast tissue containing the tumor and a surrounding margin of healthy tissue is removed to conserve the breast. Both mastectomy and lumpectomy are referred to as "local therapies" for breast cancer,targeting the area of the tumor,as opposed to systemic therapies,such as chemotherapy,hormonal therapy,or immunotherapy.
Mammaplasty refers to a group of surgical procedures,the goal of which is to reshape or otherwise modify the appearance of the breast. There are two main types of mammoplasty:
- Augmentation mammaplasty is commonly performed to increase the size,change the shape,and/or alter the texture of the breasts. This usually involves the surgical implantation of breast implant devices.
- Reduction mammaplasty is commonly performed to reduce the size,change the shape,and/or alter the texture of the breasts. This involves the removal of breast tissue.
Surgical oncology is the branch of surgery applied to oncology;it focuses on the surgical management of tumors,especially cancerous tumors.
Radical mastectomy is a surgical procedure involving the removal of breast,underlying chest muscle,and lymph nodes of the axilla as a treatment for breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women today,and used to be primarily treated by surgery,particularly during the early twentieth century when the mastectomy was developed with success. However,with the advancement of technology and surgical skills,the extent of mastectomies has been reduced. Less invasive mastectomies are employed today in comparison to those in the past. Nowadays,a combination of radiotherapy and breast conserving mastectomy are employed to optimize treatment.
Umberto Veronesi was an Italian oncologist,physician,scientist and politician,internationally known for his contributions on prevention and treatment of breast cancer throughout a career spanning over fifty years.
Breast cancer management takes different approaches depending on physical and biological characteristics of the disease,as well as the age,over-all health and personal preferences of the patient. Treatment types can be classified into local therapy and systemic treatment. Local therapy is most efficacious in early stage breast cancer,while systemic therapy is generally justified in advanced and metastatic disease,or in diseases with specific phenotypes.
Breast-conserving surgery refers to an operation that aims to remove breast cancer while avoiding a mastectomy. Different forms of this operation include:lumpectomy (tylectomy),wide local excision,segmental resection,and quadrantectomy. Breast-conserving surgery has been increasingly accepted as an alternative to mastectomy in specific patients,as it provides tumor removal while maintaining an acceptable cosmetic outcome. This page reviews the history of this operation,important considerations in decision making and patient selection,and the emerging field of oncoplastic breast conservation surgery.
Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study,treatment,diagnosis and prevention of tumors. A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist. The name's etymological origin is the Greek word ὄγκος(ónkos),meaning "tumor","volume" or "mass". Oncology is concerned with:
Glyn Elwyn is a professor and physician-researcher at The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice,Dartmouth College,USA,where he directs the Patient Engagement Research Program. He also leads The Preference Laboratory,an international interdisciplinary team at The Dartmouth Institute,examining the implementation of shared decision making into clinical settings,using tools and measures such as collaboRATE,a patient experience measure of shared decision making,and Observer OPTION,a process measure for shared decision making for use on recorded data.
Rose Rehert Kushner was an American journalist and pioneering advocate for breast cancer patients. She wrote the 1975 book Why Me? What Every Woman Should Know About Breast Cancer to Save Her Life.
Bernard Fisher was an American surgeon and a pioneer in the biology and treatment of breast cancer. He was a native of Pittsburgh. He was Chairman of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. His work established definitively that early-stage breast cancer could be more effectively treated by lumpectomy,in combination with radiation therapy,chemotherapy,and/or hormonal therapy,than by radical mastectomy.
Professor Kefah Mokbel FRCS is the lead consultant breast surgeon at the London Breast Institute of the Princess Grace Hospital,Professor (Honorary) of Breast Cancer Surgery at Brunel University London,an honorary consultant breast surgeon at St George's Hospital. Kefah Mokbel is the founder and current president of Breast Cancer Hope;a UK-based charity "dedicated to improving the quantity and quality of life in women diagnosed with breast cancer". He was appointed as a substantive consultant breast surgeon at St George's Hospital NHS trust in February 2001. He was named in Tatler magazine's Best Doctors Guide as one of the featured "Top Breast Surgeons" in 2006,2007 and 2013. In November 2010 he was named in the Times magazine's list of Britain's Top Doctors.
A preventive mastectomy or prophylactic mastectomy or risk-reducing mastectomy (RRM) is an elective operation to remove the breasts so that the risk of breast cancer is reduced.
Eleanor D. Montague was an American radiologist and educator who established breast-conserving therapy in the United States and improved radiation therapy techniques. She became a member of the Texas Women's Hall of Fame in 1993.
Professor Emeritus Sam H Ahmedzai FRCP,FRCPGlas,FFPMRCoA is a British supportive and palliative care specialist and an Honorary Consultant Physician in Palliative Medicine.
Prophylactic surgery,is a form of surgery whose purpose is to minimize or prevent the risk of developing cancer in an organ or gland that has yet to develop cancer and is known to be at high risk of developing cancer. This form of preventive healthcare may include surgeries such as mastectomies,oophorectomies,colectomies and surgical corrections,such as the surgical correction of cryptorchidism or undescended testis. Another less common definition of prophylactic surgery also includes the prevention of other diseases,outcomes or even future appearance.
Anne Louise Rosenberg is an American surgical oncologist retired from practice in Cherry Hill,New Jersey.
Emilia Dauway MD,FACS,FRACS is an American trained surgeon who is practicing general,breast and oncologic surgery in Australia. Dauway was co-inventor of the use of radioactive seeds in the breast to localise non-palpable breast cancers and the first in Australia to use magnetic seeds instead of radioactive seeds. This technique replaces hookwire or needle localisation improving patient safety,outcomes and satisfaction. The method was patented by the University of South Florida while Dauway was a fellow of surgical oncology. The method has been used since 1999 and has improved with the development of modern equipment. Dauway is also a Yoga Instructor,a Keynote speaker and is founder/director of Restore More,a non-profit initiative which provides education and funding to women in regional and geographically disadvantaged areas for breast cancer treatment and reconstruction.
Aesthetic flat closure after mastectomy is contouring of the chest wall after mastectomy without traditional breast reconstruction. Vernacular synonyms and related vernacular and technical terms include “going flat”,"flat closure","optimal flat closure","nonreconstructive mastectomy",“oncoplastic mastectomy”,“non-skin sparing mastectomy”,“mastectomy without reconstruction”,and “aesthetic primary closure post-mastectomy”.
References
- ↑ P155. The use of Titanium mesh (TiLOOP®) in immediate breast reconstruction; low cost, low complications on the European Journal of Surgical Oncology
- 1 2 3 Lisa J M Caldon at ResearchGate
- 1 2 FRCS (General Surgery) Exit Exam Preparation Course 2013 on Doctors Academy
- ↑ Raftery, Andrew T.; Delbridge, Michael S.; Wagstaff, Marcus J. D.; Bridge, Katherine (24 February 2016). Churchill's Pocketbook of Surgery. Google Books: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 177. ISBN 9780702063107.
- ↑ Sheffield Hallam University