Lisa Martin (political scientist)

Last updated

Lisa L. Martin
Nationality American
Alma mater
Awards Guggenheim Fellowship
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions

Lisa Martin is an American political scientist. She is a professor of political science at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. She studies political institutions in international relations, including economic sanctions and cooperation between states. Martin was the first female editor of International Organization, [1] where she also currently serves as a senior advisor to the journal's editorial board. [2] In 2021, she was elected as president of the American Political Science Association for 2022-2023. [3]

Contents

Education and early career

Martin received a BS in biology from the California Institute of Technology in 1983. [4] She then studied Government at Harvard University, earning a PhD in 1989. [5] From 1989 until 1992, Martin was a member of the political science faculty at the University of California, San Diego. [4] From 1992 until 1996, she was the John L. Loeb Associate Professor of the Social Sciences at Harvard University, and then from 1996 until 2008 she was the Clarence Dillon Professor of International Affairs there. [4] In 2008 she moved to the University of Wisconsin, Madison. [4]

Career

Martin is an author or editor of 7 books. Her first book, the 1992 publication Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions, studies the necessary conditions for international economic sanctions to be successful. [6] Kenneth A. Rodman wrote that Coercive Cooperation was "an important book that ought to be consulted by all serious students of international cooperation and economic statecraft", summarizing its central conclusions as demonstrating "that institutions matter and that leadership cannot be exercised 'on the cheap.'" [6] The text criticizes a game theory view of sanctions, stating that sanctions proponents characterize success so broadly (applying it to a range of outcomes from "renegotiation" to "influencing global public opinion), that the terminology of "winning" or "losing" stretches those concepts too far. [7]

Martin's second book, Democratic Commitments: Legislatures and International Cooperation, was published in 2000. Contrary to the orthodoxy that international affairs are too anarchic to be meaningfully affected by the internal politics of democratic states, Martin demonstrated that the legislatures of stable democracies can increase the credibility of the commitments made by states to one another, which fosters international cooperation. [8] Michael Tierney summarized the contribution of Democratic Commitments by writing: "when you finish reading this book, you will be convinced that legislatures have a surprisingly large and measurable impact on the probability of interstate cooperation involving established democracies". [9] Comparing Martin's first and second books, Tierney wrote that "while Coercive Cooperation sought to identify the systemic sources of credibility, Democratic Commitments explores the domestic institutional sources of credibility." [9]

Martin is also an author or an editor of two textbooks, including International Institutions: An International Organization Reader, [10] and the editor of several volumes on international affairs, such as the Oxford Handbook of the Politics of International Trade. [11] She has also published several widely cited [5] articles, such as "The Promise of Institutionalist Theory" in International Security with Robert Keohane, [12] and "Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions" in International Organization with Beth A. Simmons. [13]

A 2019 citation analysis by the political scientists Hannah June Kim and Bernard Grofman listed Martin as one of the top 40 most cited women working as a political scientist at an American university. [5] Martin has been a member of the editorial board of several major political science journals, including the American Journal of Political Science and the Journal of Politics . [4] She was the first female editor of International Organization, [1] where she also currently serves as a senior advisor to the journal's editorial board. [2]

Martin was named a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow in 1999. [14] [15] In 2021, she was elected as president of the American Political Science Association for 2022-2023. [3]

Selected works

Selected awards

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International relations</span> Study of relationships between two or more states

International relations (IR), sometimes referred to as international studies and international affairs, is the scientific study of interactions between sovereign states. In a broader sense, it concerns all activities between states—such as war, diplomacy, trade, and foreign policy—as well as relations with and among other international actors, such as intergovernmental organisations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organisations (INGOs), international legal bodies, and multinational corporations (MNCs). There are several schools of thought within IR, of which the most prominent are realism, liberalism, and constructivism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Institution</span> Structure or mechanism of social order

Institutions are humanly devised structures of rules and norms that shape and constrain individual behavior. All definitions of institutions generally entail that there is a level of persistence and continuity. Laws, rules, social conventions and norms are all examples of institutions. Institutions vary in their level of formality and informality.

Unilateralism is any doctrine or agenda that supports one-sided action. Such action may be in disregard for other parties, or as an expression of a commitment toward a direction which other parties may find disagreeable. As a word, unilateralism is attested from 1926, specifically relating to unilateral disarmament. The current, broader meaning emerges in 1964. It stands in contrast with multilateralism, the pursuit of foreign policy goals alongside allies.

Institutional economics focuses on understanding the role of the evolutionary process and the role of institutions in shaping economic behavior. Its original focus lay in Thorstein Veblen's instinct-oriented dichotomy between technology on the one side and the "ceremonial" sphere of society on the other. Its name and core elements trace back to a 1919 American Economic Review article by Walton H. Hamilton. Institutional economics emphasizes a broader study of institutions and views markets as a result of the complex interaction of these various institutions. The earlier tradition continues today as a leading heterodox approach to economics.

<i>International Organization</i> (journal) Academic journal

International Organization is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the entire field of international affairs. It was established in 1947 and is published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the International Organization Foundation. The editor-in-chief is Erik Voeten.

Regime theory is a theory within international relations derived from the liberal tradition that argues that international institutions or regimes affect the behavior of states or other international actors. It assumes that cooperation is possible in the anarchic system of states, as regimes are, by definition, instances of international cooperation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Keohane</span> American academic

Robert Owen Keohane is an American academic working within the fields of international relations and international political economy. Following the publication of his influential book After Hegemony (1984), he has become widely associated with the theory of neoliberal institutionalism in international relations, as well as transnational relations and world politics in international relations in the 1970s.

Historical institutionalism (HI) is a new institutionalist social science approach that emphasizes how timing, sequences and path dependence affect institutions, and shape social, political, economic behavior and change. Unlike functionalist theories and some rational choice approaches, historical institutionalism tends to emphasize that many outcomes are possible, small events and flukes can have large consequences, actions are hard to reverse once they take place, and that outcomes may be inefficient. A critical juncture may set in motion events that are hard to reverse, because of issues related to path dependency. Historical institutionalists tend to focus on history to understand why specific events happen.

Peter Gourevitch is a political scientist who is known for his research in international relations and comparative politics. He is professor emeritus of political science at the University of California, San Diego.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vivien A. Schmidt</span> American academic

Vivien A. Schmidt is an American academic of political science and international relations. At Boston University, she is the Jean Monnet Chair of European Integration Professor of International Relations in the Pardee School of Global Studies, and Professor of Political Science. She is known for her work on political economy, policy analysis, democratic theory, and new institutionalism. She is a 2018 recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship and has been named a Chevalier in the French Legion of Honor.

Liberal institutionalism is a theory of international relations that holds that international cooperation between states is feasible and sustainable, and that such cooperation can reduce conflict and competition. Neoliberalism is a revised version of liberalism. Alongside neorealism, liberal institutionalism is one of the two most influential contemporary approaches to international relations.

<i>After Hegemony</i> 1984 English-language book by Robert Keohane

After Hegemony is a book by Robert Keohane first published in 1984. It is a leading text in the liberal institutionalist international relations scholarship. The book challenges neorealist claims that meaningful international cooperation is not possible, as well as hegemonic stability theory claims that international cooperation is only possible under hegemony. The book applies insights from new institutional economics to international relations. The book shows how realist assumptions about actors and the international system can logically lead to the conclusion that meaningful cooperation is possible.

International legal theory comprises a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches used to explain and analyse the content, formation and effectiveness of public international law and institutions and to suggest improvements. Some approaches center on the question of compliance: why states follow international norms in the absence of a coercive power that ensures compliance. Other approaches focus on the problem of the formation of international rules: why states voluntarily adopt international legal norms, that limit their freedom of action, in the absence of a world legislature. Other perspectives are policy oriented; they elaborate theoretical frameworks and instruments to criticize the existing rules and make suggestions on how to improve them. Some of these approaches are based on domestic legal theory, others are interdisciplinary, while others have been developed expressly to analyse international law.

International sanctions are political and economic decisions that are part of diplomatic efforts by countries, multilateral or regional organizations against states or organizations either to protect national security interests, or to protect international law, and defend against threats to international peace and security. These decisions principally include the temporary imposition on a target of economic, trade, diplomatic, cultural or other restrictions that are lifted when the motivating security concerns no longer apply, or when no new threats have arisen.

Compellence is a form of coercion that attempts to get an actor to change its behavior through threats to use force or the actual use of limited force. Compellence can be more clearly described as "a political-diplomatic strategy that aims to influence an adversary's will or incentive structure. It is a strategy that combines threats of force, and, if necessary, the limited and selective use of force in discrete and controlled increments, in a bargaining strategy that includes positive inducements. The aim is to induce an adversary to comply with one's demands, or to negotiate the most favorable compromise possible, while simultaneously managing the crisis to prevent unwanted military escalation."

In international relations, international order refers to patterned or structured relationships between actors on the international level.

Judith L. Goldstein is an American political scientist. She is the Janet M. Peck Professor of International Communication and chair of the Department of Political Science at Stanford University. She studies international political economy, with a particular focus on international trade policy.

Rational choice is a prominent framework in international relations scholarship. Rational choice is not a substantive theory of international politics, but rather a methodological approach that focuses on certain types of social explanation for phenomena. In that sense, it is similar to constructivism, and differs from liberalism and realism, which are substantive theories of world politics. Rationalist analyses have been used to substantiate realist theories, as well as liberal theories of international relations.

In international relations, credibility is the perceived likelihood that a leader or a state follows through on threats and promises that have been made. Credibility is a key component of coercion, as well as the functioning of military alliances. Credibility is related to concepts such as reputation and resolve. Reputation for resolve may be a key component of credibility, but credibility is also highly context-dependent.

In international relations, coercion refers to the imposition of costs by a state on other states and non-state actors to prevent them from taking an action (deterrence) or to compel them to take an action (compellence). Coercion frequently takes the form of threats or the use of limited military force. It is commonly seen as analytically distinct from persuasion, brute force, or full-on war.

References

  1. 1 2 "Past editors of international organization". Cambridge Core. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  2. 1 2 "Editorial board". Cambridge Core. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  3. 1 2 "Meet the New 2021 APSA Council Members -". politicalsciencenow.com. 15 October 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Lisa Martin". University of Wisconsin, Madison. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 Kim, Hannah June; Grofman, Bernard (April 2019). "The Political Science 400: With Citation Counts by Cohort, Gender, and Subfield" (PDF). PS: Political Science & Politics. 52 (2): 296–311. doi: 10.1017/S1049096518001786 . Retrieved 19 January 2020.
  6. 1 2 Rodman, Kenneth A. (December 1993). "Reviewed Work: Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions by Lisa L. Martin". The American Political Science Review. 87 (4): 1056⁠–1057. doi:10.2307/2938880. JSTOR   2938880.
  7. ↑ Sanctions as War: Anti-Imperialist Perspectives on American Geo-Economic Strategy. 2023. p. 8. ISBN   1-64259-812-7. OCLC   1345216431.
  8. ↑ McNamara, Kathleen R. (3 January 2002). "Review Democratic Commitments: Legislatures and International Cooperation. By Lisa L. Martin". American Political Science Review. 96 (1): 270⁠–271. doi:10.1017/S0003055402214343. S2CID   144295240.
  9. 1 2 Tierney, Michael (1 August 2002). "Review Democratic Commitments: Legislatures and International Cooperation. Lisa L. Martin". The Journal of Politics. 64 (3): 947⁠–949. doi:10.1086/jop.64.3.1520133.
  10. ↑ Hough, Peter (1 December 2002). "Review International Institutions: An International Organisation Reader". Political Studies. 50 (5): 1042.
  11. ↑ Lisa L. Martin, ed. (2015). Oxford Handbook of the Politics of International Trade. Oxford University Press.
  12. ↑ Keohane, Robert O.; Martin, Lisa L. (1995). "The Promise of Institutionalist Theory". International Security. 20 (1): 39⁠–51. doi:10.2307/2539214. JSTOR   2539214. S2CID   29960902.
  13. ↑ Martin, Lisa L.; Simmons, Beth A. (1998). "Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions". International Organization. 52 (4): 729⁠–757. doi:10.1162/002081898550734.
  14. 1 2 "Lisa L. Martin". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  15. ↑ Fitzgerald, Allison M. (5 May 1999). "Five Profs. Win Coveted Award". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
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