List of Italian concentration camps

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Italian concentration camps include camps from the Italian colonial wars in Africa as well as camps for the civilian population from areas occupied by Italy during World War II. Memory of both camps were subjected to "historical amnesia". The repression of memory led to historical revisionism in Italy [1] and in 2003 the Italian media published Silvio Berlusconi's statement that Benito Mussolini only "used to send people on vacation". [2] [3]

Contents

Colonial wars

There were numerous war crimes conducted by the Italian Army in the colonies. In Cyrenaica alone between 1929 and 1933 over 40,000 people were killed and 80,000 locked up in concentration camps, [4] out of a total population of just 193,000. According to the historian Ilan Pappé, the fascist regime between 1928 and 1932 killed half the Bedouin population either directly or by starvation in the fields. [5] According to the historian Angelo Del Boca, in 1933, of the approximately 100,000 Libyans deported from Jebel Achdar and Marmarica, more than 40,000 died in the camps. [6]

Name of the campLocation of campPresent-day countryDate of establishmentDate of disestablishmentEstimated number of prisonersEstimated number of deaths
Nocra Nocra Eritrea 1930s1941 1,500 [7]
Abyar Abyar Libya 193019333,123 [8]  
Agedabia Ajdabiya Libya1930193310,000 [8] 1,500 [9]
El Agheila El Agheila Libya1930193310,900 [8]  
Marsa Brega Brega Libya1930193321,117 [8]  
Sid Ahmed el Maghrun El Magrun Libya1930193313,050 [8] 4,500 [9]
Soluch Suluq Libya1930193320,123 [8] 5,500 [9]
Derna Derna Libya19301933145 [8]
Apollonia Apollonia Libya193019331,354 [8]
Barce Barce Libya19301933538 [8]
Driana Driana Libya19301933225 [8]
Nufilia Nufilia Libya19301933375 [8]
Danane Mogadishu Somalia 193519416,000 [8] 3,175 [10]
Total~44 675 [11]

World War II

Name of the campLocation of localityPresent-day countryDate of establishmentDate of disestablishmentEstimated number of prisonersEstimated number of deaths
Bakar Bakar Croatia31 December 19421 July 1943893 [12] 100–120 [13]
Bolzano South Tyrol ItalySeptember 8, 1943April 29 and May 3, 194511,000 
Campagna Salerno Italy15 June 194019 September 1943  
Chiesanuova Padua ItalyJune 1942   
Ferramonti di Tarsia Cosenza Italysummer 19404 September 19433,800 
Giado Jadu, Libya LibyaJanuary 194224 January 19433,146 [14] 564
Gonars Palmanova ItalyMarch 19428 September 19437,000453; >500
Mamula Mamula islandMontenegro30 May 194214 September 19432,322200 [15]
Monigo Treviso Italy1 July 1942May 194510,000187–225
Molat Molat Croatia28 June 19428 September 194320,000 [16] c. 1,000 [16]
Pisticci Southeast of Pisticci in Camporotondo [17] Italy [17] 1939 [17] September 13, 1943 [17] Capacity of 1,000 [17] Not stated [17]
Rab, separate camps for Slovenes/Croats and Jews Rab (Arbe) island CroatiaJuly 194211 September 194310,000; 15,0002,000; >3,500; 4,000
Renicci di Anghiari Arezzo ItalyOctober 1942 10,000159
Risiera di San Sabba [18] Trieste ItalyOctober 1943April 1945> 11,5004,000–5,000 [19]
Visco PalmanovaItalywinter 1942   
Zlarin ZlarinCroatiaMarch 1943June 19432,50026
Campo di Fossoli CarpiItalyMay 1942March 1944  

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References

  1. ↑ Alessandra Kersevan 2008: (Editor) Foibe – Revisionismo di stato e amnesie della repubblica. Kappa Vu. Udine.
  2. ↑ Survivors of war camp lament Italy's amnesia Archived 2008-10-20 at the Wayback Machine , 2003, International Herald Tribune
  3. ↑ Di Sante, Costantino (2005) Italiani senza onore: I crimini in Jugoslavia e i processi negati (1941–1951), Ombre Corte, Milano. (Archived by WebCite®)
  4. ↑ L'Africa del Duce: i crimini fascisti in Africa
  5. ↑ Ilan Pappé, The Modern Middle East. Routledge, 2005, ISBN   0-415-21409-2, p. 26.
  6. ↑ Del Boca, Angelo (11 January 2011). Italiani, brava gente. Neri Pozza Editore. ISBN   9788854504950. Gli ultimi lager sarebbero stati smantellati nel settembre 1933. Dei 100.000 libici che erano partiti dal Gebel Achdar e dalla Marmarica, ne sarebbero tornati a casa 60.000.
  7. ↑ Ottolenghi, Gustavo (1997). Gli italiani e il colonialismo: i campi di detenzione italiani in Africa. Sugarco. p. 174. ISBN   9788871983974.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Michael R. Ebner. Geoff Simons. Ordinary Violence in Mussolini's Italy. New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2011. P. 261.
  9. 1 2 3 "I campi concentramento per i civili nell'Africa italiana". criminidiguerra.it. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12.
  10. ↑ Donatella Strangio. The Reasons for Underdevelopment: The Case of Decolonisation in Somaliland. Springer, 2012. P. 5.
  11. ↑ Sum among the estimates of the deaths in the Danane camp (source Donatella Strangio), the deaths of all the camps in Italian Libya (source Angelo Del Boca), and the deaths in the Nocra camp (source Gustavo Ottolenghi).
  12. ↑ Bakar concentration camp, Online Research project
  13. ↑ "Talijanski koncentracioni logor Bakar 1941-1943" . Retrieved 7 July 2022.
  14. ↑ Maurice M. Roumani: The Jews of Libya. Sussex Academic Press 2007, ISBN   978-1-84519-137-5, p 34.
  15. ↑ Dizdar, Zdravko (2005). "Italian Policies Toward Croatians In Occupied Territories During The Second World War". Hrvatski institut za povijest. p. 196.
  16. 1 2 Bašić 2008, pp. 196.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 (PDF). Vol. 3. Indiana University Press. pp. 448–449. doi:10.2307/j.ctt22zmbr7.9 . Retrieved 2024-01-23.
  18. ↑ "English - Risiera di San Sabba – Monumento Nazionale – Comune di Trieste". risierasansabba.it. Archived from the original on 2014-02-03.
  19. ↑ "Trieste ebraica » La Risiera di San Sabba". moked.it.

Works cited

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