List of Oko satellites

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Oko is a Russian satellite-based missile detection and early warning system. The system has used a total of 101 satellites, which were launched between 1972 and 2012. Eighty six US-K satellites, operated in semisynchronous elliptical molniya orbits, were launched by Molniya-M carrier rockets with Blok 2BL upper stages, whilst the geostationary part of the system was served by seven US-KS and eight US-KMO satellites, launched using Proton-K carrier rockets with Blok DM and DM-2 upper stages.

SpacecraftType [1] Launch Date (UTC) [2] Carrier rocket [2] Launch site [2] Placement [3] Ceased operations [3] Decay Date [4] Remarks
US-K 19 September 1972
19:19:03		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 4Unknownin orbit
US-K 2 November 1973
13:01:56		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 4April 1974in orbit
US-K 29 June 1974
15:59:58		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 2September 19756 July 1990
US-K 30 January 1975
15:02		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 7November 1975in orbit
US-KS [5] 8 October 1975
00:30:00		 Proton-K/DM Baikonur GEOOctober 1975in orbitNever entered service
US-K 22 October 1976
09:12		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 5March 1977in orbit
US-K 11 April 1977
01:38		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 7June 1978in orbit
US-K 16 June 1977
01:58		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 9March 1979in orbit
US-K 20 July 1977
04:44		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 2October 1977in orbitNever entered service
US-K 28 June 1978
02:59		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 2May 1980in orbit
US-K 6 September 1978
03:04		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 4October 197817 August 2004Never entered service
US-K 27 June 1979
18:11		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 9February 1980in orbitNever entered service
US-K 28 August 1979
00:17		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 4September 1979in orbitNever entered service
US-K 12 February 1980
00:53		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 912 February 198012 February 1980Launch failure; Blok 2BL failed to ignite, never left low Earth parking orbit [6]
US-K 12 April 1980
20:18		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 9April 198226 December 1997
US-K 14 June 1980
20:52		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 2October 1980in orbit
US-K 2 July 1980
00:54		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 4May 1981in orbit
US-K 24 October 1980
10:53		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 2March 1983in orbit
US-K 27 November 1980
21:37		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 7August 1982in orbit
US-K 19 February 1981
10:00		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 5October 1981in orbit
US-K 31 March 1981
09:40		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 6May 1981in orbit
US-K 19 June 1981
19:37:04		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 4July 19842 September 2000
US-K 4 August 1981
00:13		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 6November 1981in orbitNever entered service
US-K 31 October 1981
22:54		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 9January 1984in orbit
US-K 3 March 1982
05:44:38		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 5February 1984in orbit
US-K 7 April 1982
13:42		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 9July 1984in orbit
US-K 20 May 1982
13:09		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 1September 1984in orbit
US-K 25 June 1982
02:28		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 7September 1984in orbit
US-K 22 September 1982
06:23		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 2January 19878 June 2009
US-K 25 April 1983
19:34		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 4August 198311 May 1998
US-K 8 July 1983
19:21		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 69 July 1983in orbitNever entered service
US-K 28 December 1983
03:48		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 5June 198419 September 1998
US-K 6 March 1984
17:10		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 3October 1985in orbit
US-KS [5] 29 March 1984
05:53		 Proton-K/DM Baikonur GEO 1 & 4November 1986in orbit
US-K 4 April 1984
01:40:04		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 7August 1985in orbit
US-K 6 June 1984
15:34		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 5January 19867 May 2001
US-K 3 July 1984
21:31		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 8August 1985in orbit
US-K 2 August 1984
08:38		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 4April 1985in orbit
US-K 7 September 1984
19:13		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 9November 1986in orbit
US-K 4 October 1984 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 1September 1985in orbit
US-KS [5] 21 February 1985
07:57		 Proton-K/DM Baikonur GEO 4, 3 & 1January 1987in orbit
US-K 11 June 1985
14:27		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 6September 198712 November 2005
US-K 18 June 1985
00:40:26		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEOOctober 1989in orbitNever entered service
US-K 12 August 1985
15:09		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 8January 1986in orbit
US-K 24 September 1985
01:18:10		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 4March 1989in orbit
US-K 30 September 1985
19:23		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 2September 1985in orbit
US-K 22 October 1985
20:24		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 3August 1986in orbit
US-K 9 November 1985
08:25		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 8November 198711 May 2001
US-K 1 February 1986
18:11:56		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 5May 1988in orbit
US-K 5 July 1986
01:16:47		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 3October 1988in orbit
US-K 28 August 1986
08:02:43		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 7July 19882 November 2010
US-K 3 October 1986
13:05:40		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 13 October 1986in orbitLaunch failure during upper stage burn, placed in lower than planned orbit and unusable [6]
US-K 15 October 1986
09:29:18		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 9January 199128 February 2002
US-K 20 November 1986
12:09:20		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 2August 199115 May 2011
US-K 12 December 1986
18:35:36		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 5November 1988in orbit
US-K 4 June 1987
18:50:23		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 1May 19903 February 2003
US-K 12 June 1987
07:40:28		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 6November 1989in orbit
US-KS [5] 28 October 1987
15:15:00		 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur GEO 1December 1991in orbit
US-K 21 December 1987
22:35:42		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 8November 1992in orbit
US-K 26 February 1988
09:39:12		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 5July 1990in orbit
US-K 30 August 1988
14:14:54		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 3December 199010 November 2005
US-K 3 October 1988
22:23:39		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 7May 1993in orbit
US-K 25 October 1988
18:02:31		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 6July 1990in orbit
US-K 14 February 1989
04:21:11		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 4March 199322 September 2008
US-K 23 November 1989
20:35:44		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 9October 1993in orbit
US-K 27 March 1990
16:40:08		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 2June 1995in orbit
US-K 28 April 1990
11:37:02		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 1October 1992in orbit
US-K 21 June 1990
20:45:52		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 621 June 1990in orbitLaunch failure; Blok 2BL failed to ignite, never left low Earth orbit [6]
US-K 25 July 1990
18:13:56		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 6January 1992in orbit
US-K 28 August 1990
07:49:13		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 3April 1995in orbit
US-K 20 November 1990
02:33:14		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 3April 199321 January 2008
US-KMO [7] 14 February 1991
08:31:56		 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur GEO 4, 3, 2, 1 & 4November 1995in orbit
US-KS [5] 13 September 1991
17:51:02		 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur GEO 1June 1992in orbit
US-K 24 January 1992
01:18:01		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 6April 199617 January 2012
US-K 8 July 1992
09:53:14		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 5June 1994in orbit
US-KS [5] 10 September 1992
18:01:18		 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur GEO 1November 1996in orbit
US-K 21 October 1992
10:21:22		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 8November 19966 November 2010
US-K 25 November 1992
12:18:54		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 1December 19963 May 2023
US-KMO [7] 17 December 1992
12:45:00		 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur GEO 2, 1 & 2June 1999in orbit
US-K 26 January 1993
15:55:26		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 4June 1998in orbit
US-K 6 April 1993
19:07:27		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 7January 1997in orbit
US-K 10 August 1993
14:53:45		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 1March 1998in orbit
US-KMO [7] 6 July 1994
23:58:51		 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur HEO 9December 1995in orbit
US-K 5 August 1994
01:12:21		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 5March 1998in orbit
US-K 24 May 1995
20:10:09		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 2December 1997in orbit
US-K 9 April 1997
08:58:44		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 8May 2001in orbit
US-K 14 May 1997
00:33:57		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 6May 2001in orbit
US-KS [5] 24 August 1997
20:49:14		 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur GEO 1February 1999in orbit
US-KMO [7] 29 April 1998
04:36:54		 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur GEO 4June 1998in orbit
US-K 7 May 1998
08:53:22		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 1May 2001in orbit
US-K 27 December 1999
19:12:44		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk HEO 3in orbit
US-KMO [7] 24 August 2001
20:35		 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur GEO 4, 1 & 22009-10in orbit
US-K 1 April 2002
22:06:45		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk November 2006 [8] 14 September 2011
US-K 24 December 2002
12:20:13		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk March 2007 [8] in orbit
US-KMO [7] 24 April 2003
04:23:17		 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur June 2003 [9] in orbit
US-K 21 July 2006
04:20:03		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk Activein orbit
US-K 23 October 2007
04:39		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk Activein orbit
US-KMO [7] 26 June 2008
23:59:43		 Proton-K/DM-2 Baikonur GEO 4 [10] February 2010 [10] in orbit
US-K 2 December 2008
05:00		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk Activein orbit
US-K 30 September 2010
17:01:15		 Molniya-M/2BL Plesetsk Activein orbitFinal flight of Molniya-M [11]
US-KMO [7] 30 March 2012
05:49 [12] 		Proton-K/DM-2 [12] Baikonur 81/24 [12] GEO 4 [13] Activein orbitFinal flight of Proton-K

Related Research Articles

Upravlyaemy Sputnik Kontinentalny or US-K is a series of Russian, previously Soviet, satellites used to detect missile launches as part of the Oko system. It consists of a constellation of satellites, usually in molniya orbits, designated under the Kosmos system. The satellites are built by the company NPO Lavochkin and are launched on Molniya-M rockets. Oko can be directly translated as the Russian word for eye. As of June 2014, only two of the eight satellites in orbit were still functional, rendering the system inoperable.

US-KMO, is a series of Russian, previously Soviet, satellites which are used to identify ballistic missile launches. They provide early warning of missile attack and give information for the Moscow A-135 anti-ballistic missile system. They were run by the Russian Space Forces and it was succeeded by the Aerospace Defence Forces.

Oko is a Russian missile defence early warning programme consisting of satellites in Molniya and geosynchronous orbits. Oko satellites are used to identify launches of ballistic missiles by detection of their engines' exhaust plume in infrared light, and complement other early warning facilities such as Voronezh, Daryal and Dnepr radars. The information provided by these sensors can be used for the A-135 anti-ballistic missile system which defends Moscow. The satellites are run by the Russian Aerospace Forces, and previously the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces and Russian Space Forces. Since November 2015, it is being replaced by the new EKS system.

Kosmos 2479 is a Russian US-KMO missile early warning satellite which was launched in 2012 as part of the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces' Oko programme. The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using infrared telescopes. It was the last US-KMO geostationary satellite, to be launched, prior to the system being replaced by EKS.

Kosmos 2440 is a Russian US-KMO missile early warning satellite which was launched in 2008 as part of the Russian Space Forces' Oko programme. The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using infrared telescopes. It spent its two-year operational life at 80E giving early warning coverage of Russia, China, North Korea, the Middle East and some of Europe.

Kosmos 2379 is a Russian US-KMO missile early warning satellite which was launched in 2001 as part of the Russian Space Forces' Oko programme. The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using infrared telescopes.

Kosmos 2397 is a Russian US-KMO missile early warning satellite which was launched in 2003 as part of the Russian Space Forces' Oko programme. The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using infrared telescopes.

Kosmos 2224 is a Russian US-KMO missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1992 as part of the Russian Space Forces' Oko programme. The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using infrared telescopes.

EKSKupol is a developing programme of Russian early warning satellites as a replacement for the US-KMO and US-K satellites of the Oko programme. The satellites are designed to identify any possible future ballistic missile launches, from outer space, and complement early warning radars such as the Voronezh. This gives advance notice of a nuclear attack and would provide information to the A-135 missile defence system which protects Moscow, as well as other Russian missile defense and counterattack resources. Six satellites are planned to be initially orbited. The first of these was launched on 17 November 2015 and as of November 2022, all six of them are in service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kosmos 2469</span>

Kosmos 2469 was a Russian US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 2010 as part of the Russian Space Forces' Oko programme. The satellite was designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kosmos 2446</span>

Kosmos 2446 is a Russian US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 2008 as part of the Russian Space Forces' Oko programme. The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kosmos 2430</span>

Kosmos 2430 was a Russian US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 2007 as part of the Russian Space Forces' Oko programme. The satellite was designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors.

Kosmos 2422 was a Russian US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 2006 as part of the Russian Space Forces' Oko programme. The satellite was designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors.

Kosmos 2393 is a Russian US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 2002 as part of the Russian Space Forces' Oko programme. The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors.

Kosmos 2388 was a Russian US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 2002 as part of the Russian Space Forces' Oko programme. The satellite was designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors.

Kosmos 2084 is a Russian US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 1990 as part of the Russian Space Forces' Oko programme. The satellite was designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors.

Serpukhov-15 is a military townlet near Kurilovo in Kaluga Oblast which is the location of the western control centre for Russia's Oko satellites. These give early warning of ballistic missile launches, mainly from the continental United States. The site is part of the Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning and information from here is processed at the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces centre in Solnechnogorsk and could be used, together with early warning radar such as the Voronezh, for launch on warning of the A-135 anti-ballistic missile system. A similar facility is located at Pivan-1 in the Russian Far East.

Pivan-1 is a military townlet near Komsomolsk-na-Amur in Khabarovsk Krai in the Russian Far East which is the location of the eastern control centre for Russia's Oko satellites. These give early warning of ballistic missile launches, mainly from the continental United States. The site is part of the Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning and information from here is processed at the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces centre in Solnechnogorsk and could be used, together with early warning radar such as the Voronezh, for launch on warning or the A-135 anti-ballistic missile system. A similar facility is located at Serpukhov-15 near Moscow.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Early warning satellite</span> Ballistic missile detection satellite

An early warning satellite is a satellite designed to rapidly detect ballistic missile launches and thus enable defensive military action. To do this, these satellites use infrared detectors that identify the missile thanks to the heat given off by its engines during the propulsion phase.

References

  1. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "US-K (73D6)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  3. 1 2 Podvig, Pavel (2002). "History and the Current Status of the Russian Early-Warning System" (PDF). Science and Global Security. 10 (1): 21–60. Bibcode:2002S&GS...10...21P. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.692.6127 . doi:10.1080/08929880212328. ISSN   0892-9882. S2CID   122901563. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-15.
  4. ↑ McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Krebs, Gunter. "US-KS (74Kh6)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 Wade, Mark. "Molniya 8K78M". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Krebs, Gunter. "US-KMO (71Kh6)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  8. 1 2 Podvig, Pavel (23 October 2007). "Launch of Cosmos-2430 early-warning satellite". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  9. ↑ Podvig, Pavel (28 November 2003). "Problems with Russian military satellites". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  10. 1 2 Podvig, Pavel (2 September 2010). "Only two satellites left in Russia's early-warning system". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  11. ↑ Zak, Anatoly. "Molniya rocket". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  12. 1 2 3 McDowell, Jonathan (12 April 2012). "Issue 656". Jonathan's Space Report. Archived from the original on 6 December 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
  13. ↑ Podvig, Pavel (30 March 2012). "Cosmos-2479 - new geostationary early warning satellite". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
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