Sigismund I the Old was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1506 until his death in 1548. Sigismund I was a member of the Jagiellonian dynasty, the son of Casimir IV and younger brother of Kings John I Albert and Alexander I Jagiellon. He was nicknamed "the Old" in later historiography to distinguish him from his son and successor, Sigismund II Augustus. Before ascending to the Polish and Lithuanian thrones, he was Duke of Głogów from 1499, Duke of Opava from 1501, and governor of Silesia from 1504 on behalf of his brother, King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary.
Red Ruthenia, or Red Rus or Red Russia, is a term used since the Middle Ages for the south-western principalities of the Kievan Rus', namely the Principality of Peremyshl and the Principality of Belz. Nowadays the region comprises parts of western Ukraine and adjoining parts of south-eastern Poland. It has also sometimes included parts of Lesser Poland, Podolia, Right-bank Ukraine and Volhynia. Centred on Przemyśl and Belz, it has included major cities such as: Chełm, Zamość, Rzeszów, Krosno and Sanok, as well as Lviv and Ternopil.
Yuri II Boleslav, was King of Ruthenia and Dominus of the lands of Galicia–Volhynia (1325–1340). A foreigner and a Catholic by birth, he was the son of Trojden I, Duke of Masovia and a member of the Polish Piast dynasty. Highly unpopular in Orthodox Ruthenia, his murder prompted a war of succession, known as the Galicia–Volhynia Wars.
Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki of the Sas coat of arms was a Polish nobleman, diplomat, and spy during the Great Turkish War of Ukrainian origin. For his actions at the 1683 Battle of Vienna, when he managed to get out of the besieged city to seek help, he was considered a hero by the local people. According to legend, he is often cited as starting the first café in the city in 1683, using coffee beans left behind by the retreating Ottoman Turks. However, more recent sources suggest that the first coffeehouse in Vienna was opened by the Armenian Johannes Theodat in 1685.
Eleonore Maria Josefa of Austria was Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania by marriage to King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki, and subsequently Duchess of Lorraine by her second marriage to Charles V, Duke of Lorraine. She acted as nominal regent of the Duchy of Lorraine during the minority of her son between 1690 and 1697.
The Bochnia Salt Mine in Bochnia, Poland, is one of the oldest salt mines in the world and is the oldest commercial company in Poland. The Bochnia salt mine was established in 1248 after salt had been discovered there in the 12th and 13th centuries and became part of the royal mining company, Żupy krakowskie. In 1990, the mine ceased producing salt but remained a tourist attraction.
Duchy of Belz or Principality of Belz was a duchy, formed in the late 12th century in Kievan Rus. During its history the duchy was a constituent part of some other political entities such as the Kingdom of Rus, the Kingdom of Hungary, Duchy of Masovia when eventually in the late 14th century was incorporated into Poland becoming later the Bełz Voivodeship.
Lviv in Polish is a series of guidebooks by Kseniya Borodin and Ivanna Honak, devoted to Polish ghost signs in the city of Lviv, Ukraine. It explores the history of the city through a variety of different types of publicly accessible signs and inscriptions, illustrated with over 300 original photographs. The series was originally written in Ukrainian and has been translated into Polish.
Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna was a Polish poet, prose writer, playwright and translator. She was one of the most acclaimed and celebrated poets during Poland's interwar period.
Michał Piekarski, also known as Michael Piekarski, was a Polish petty nobleman and landowner, who attempted to assassinate king Sigismund III in 1620.
The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944 is a 1986 book by Richard C. Lukas on the killing of, and other crimes against, Jewish and non-Jewish Poles by the Germans during the 1939–1945 occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. It has been described as Lukas' most famous book.
Such a Beautiful Sunny Day: Jews Seeking Refuge in the Polish Countryside, 1942–1945 is a 2016 book by Polish historian Barbara Engelking. It was first published in Polish in 2012 as Jest taki piękny, słoneczny dzień: Losy Żydów szukających ratunku na wsi polskiej 1942–1945. It focuses on the subject matter of The Holocaust in Poland.
Events in the year 2023 in Poland.
The original Polish Football Association, abbreviated ZPPN, also known in Austria as German Football Association for Poland was the governing body of association football in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, the Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary. Founded on 25 June 1911 in Lwów it organised the Galician Football Championship and the Galicia national football team. The association was part of the federal Austrian Football Association, it was however not a member of FIFA. After Poland regained independence following World War I, the organization was renamed to Lesser Poland Football Association and joined the modern Polish Football Association as a regional association for Lesser Poland. The organization was dissolved on May 16, 1920 and therefore it is not the same entity as the current-day Lesser Poland Football Association.
The Muzeum Miniaturowej Sztuki Profesjonalnej Henryk Jan Dominiak in Tychy is a modern art museum and cultural institution established in 2013 by Henryk Jan Dominiak. The Muzuem is located in the center of Tychy, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland.
Bolesław II the Bold's expedition to Kiev in 1069 aimed to assert Polish influence in the region, mirroring the conquests of his predecessor, Bolesław the Brave. Bolesław II the Bold occupied Kiev where he put the allied Iziaslav I of Kiev on the throne and on the way back occupied Przemyśl and annexed Cherven Cities to Poland.
The Battle of Gopło was a battle part of the Civil War in Poland which took place in 1096 near Gopło. It was fought between the troops of king Władysław Herman against the inhabitants of Kruszwica led by the kings son Zbigniew.
Vladimir the Great's Polish Campaign was a military campaign in the 10th century involving the Kievan Rus', led by Vladimir the Great, against the Duchy of Poland, led by Mieszko I. The result of the campaign was a Rus' victory.
