List of echinoderms of Venezuela

List of echinoderms of Venezuela

The echinoderms of Venezuela are a strictly marine animal phylum comprising about 124 species of marine waters designated for Venezuelan Caribbean. ^[1] The first lists of species for Venezuelan coast date back to 1939 ^[2] and 1967. ^[3]

In Venezuela are five classes representatives living today: Crinoidea, Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea. ^[4] In this list are listed 105 species for the territory Venezuelan. ^{[2] [3] [5] [6] [7]}

List of species identified for Venezuela

Crinoidea (Sea Lilies)

Crinoidea

Species	Common name	Global distribution	Distribution by state [nota 1]	Image
Antedon bifida (Pennant, 1777) [3] [7]	Rosy Feather-star [8]	Atlantic Ocean [9]	Ar; Su; Va
Davidaster rubiginosus (Pourtàles, 1869) [3]	Sea lily [3] [10]	Caribbean Sea [11]	Ar
Tropiometra carinata (Lamarck, 1816) [3] [7]	Black and White Sea Lily [12]	Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean [13]	Ar; Ca; Fa; DF; Su; Va

Asteroidea (Starfishs)

Asteroidea

Species	Common name	Global distribution	Distribution by state	Image
Anthenoides piercei Perrier, 1881 [5]	Starfish [14]	Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea [15]	NE; Su
Asterinides folium (Lütken, 1859) [2] [3] [7]	Common Blunt Armed Sea Star [16]	Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea [17]	Su
Astropecten antillensis Lütken, 1859 [2] [3] [7]	Starfish [14]	Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea [18]	Su; Zu
Astropecten brasiliensis Müller & Troschel (1842) [3] [7]	Starfish [14]	Western Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea [19]	An; Fa; Mi; NE; Su
Astropecten duplicatus Gray, 1840 [3] [7] [20]	Two-spined Star Fish [21]	Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea [22]	NE; Su; Va; Zu
Astropecten marginatus Gray, 1840 [2] [3] [7] [20]	Starfish [14]	Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea [23]	DA; Fa; NE; Su; Zu
Echinaster brasiliensis Müller & Troschel, 1842 [7]	Starfish [14]	Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea [24]	Su
Echinaster echinophorus (Lamarck, 1816) [3] [7]	Starfish [14]	Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea [25]	DF; NE; Su
Goniaster tesellatus (Lamarck, 1816) [3] [5] [7]	Starfish [14]	Atlantic Ocean [26]	NE; Su
Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840 [2] [3] [7]	Yellow Starfish [14]	Cosmopolitan [27]	NE
Luidia alternata (Say, 1825) [3]	Starfish [14]	Caribbean Sea [28]	NE; Su; Zu
Luidia clathrata (Say, 1825) [3] [7]	Starfish [14]	Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean [29]	An; NE; Su; Zu
Luidia senegalensis (Lamarck, 1816) [2] [3] [7] [20]	Nine-armed Sea Star [30]	Northwesthern Atlantic Ocean [31]	Mi; NE; Su
Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1858) [2] [3] [7]	Orange Starfish [14] Cushion Sea Star [32]	Caribbean Sea [33]	Fa; Mi; Mo; NE; Su
Tethyaster vestitus (Say, 1825) [3] [7]	Starfish [14]	Caribbean Sea [34]	DA; DF; Su

Ophiuroidea (Sea spiders and sea snakes)

Ophiuroidea

Species	Common name	Global distribution	Distribution by state	Image
Amphiodia trychna H. L. Clark, 1918 [3] [7]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [35]	An; Su
Amphioplus coniortodes H. L. Clark, 1918 [3] [7]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [36]	An; NE; Su
Amphipholis januarii Ljungman, 1867 [7]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [37]	Su
Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje, 1828) [3] [7]	Small Brittle Star [38]	Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean [39]	NE; Su
Amphiura palmeri T Lyman, 1882 [3]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [40]	Su
Amphiura rathbuni Koehler, 1914 [3]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [41]	NE
Amphiura stimpsonii Lútken, 1859 [7]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [42]	Su
Asteronyx loveni Müller & Troschel, 1824 [3]	Pipe-cleaner Brittlestar [43]	Northern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea [44]	Fa
Astrophyton muricatum (Lamarck, 1816) [3] [7] [20]	Grifo [14] Giant Basket Star [45]	Caribbean Sea [46]	Ar; DF; NE; Su
Microphiopholis atra (Stimpson, 1852) [3] [7]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea [47]	An; DA; Mo; Su
Microphiopholis gracillima (Stimpson, 1852) [7]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [48]	Su
Ophiactis muelleri Lütken, 1856 [3]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [49]	Su
Ophiactis algicola H.L. Clark, 1933 [7]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [50]	Su
Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 1842) [3] [7]	Savigny's Brittle Star [51]	Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean [52]	DF; Mi; NE; Su
Ophiocnida scabriuscula (Lútken, 1859) [7]	Lobate Brittle Star [53]	Caribbean Sea [54]	Su
Ophiocoma echinata (Lamarck, 1816) [3] [7]	Black Brittle Star [55]	Caribbean Sea [56]	Ar; DF; Fa; NE; Su
Ophiocoma pumila Lütken, 1859 [3] [7]	Banded Ophiocoma [57]	Caribbean Sea [58]	DF; Fa; Su; Va
Ophiocoma wendtii Müller & Troschel, 1842 [3] [7]	Red Ophiocoma [59]	Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Indian Ocean [60]	NE; Su
Ophiocomella ophiactoides (H. L. Clark, 1963) [3] [7]	Coralline Brittle Star [61]	Caribbean Sea [62]	Ar; Su
Ophioderma appressa (Say, 1825) [3] [7]	Harlequin Brittle Star [63]	Caribbean Sea [64]	DF; Mi; NE; Su
Ophioderma brevicauda Lütken, 1856 [2] [3] [7]	Short Spined Ophioderma [65]	Caribbean Sea [66]	Ca; DF; Fa; Mi
Ophioderma brevispina (Say, 1825) [3] [7]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [67]	DF; Mi
Ophioderma cinerea Müller & Troschel, 1842 [7]	Chocolate Brittle Star [68]	Caribbean Sea [69]	Su
Ophioderma rubicunda Lütken, 1856 [3] [7]	Ruby Brittle Star [70]	Caribbean Sea [71]	Su
Ophiolepis elegans Lütken, 1859 [3] [7]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [72]	An; DF; Mi; NE; Su
Ophiolepis impressa Lütken, 1859 [3] [7]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [73]	Mi; Su
Ophiolepis paucispina (Say, 1825) [7]	Scaly Brittle Star [74]	Caribbean Sea [75]	Su
Ophiomyxa flaccida ( Say, 1825) [3] [7]	Slimy Brittle Star [76]	Caribbean Sea [77]	DF; Su
Ophionereis olivacea H. L. Clark, 1901 [3] [7]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [78]	Su
Ophionereis reticulata (Say, 1925) [3] [7]	Reticulated Brittle Star [79]	Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea [80]	DF; NE; Su
Ophionereis squamulosa Köehler, 1913 [7]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [81]	Su
Ophiopsila hartmeyeri Koehler, 1913 [3] [7]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [82]	Su
Ophiopsila riisei Lütken, 1859 [3] [7]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [83]	Ar; DF; Su
Ophiophragmus wurdemani (Lyman, 1860) [3]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [84]	Va
Ophiothrix angulata (Say, 1825) [3] [7]	Angular Brittle Star [85]	Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea [86]	DF; Mi; NE; Su
Ophiothrix brachyactis H. L. Clark, 1915 [3]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [87]	Su
Ophiothrix oerstedii Lütken, 1856 [2] [3] [7]	Oersted's Brittle Star [88]	Caribbean Sea [89]	DF; NE; Su
Ophiothrix suensonii Lütken, 1856 [3] [7]	Suenson's Brittle Star [90]	Caribbean Sea [91]	NE; Su
Ophiura acervata Lyman 1869 [3] [7]	Sea spiders [4] [10]	Caribbean Sea [92]	DA; Mo; Su

Echinoidea (Sea urchins and sand dollar)

Echinoidea

Species	Common name	Global distribution	Distribution by state	Image
Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck, 1816) [3] [7]	Purple Sea Urchin. [93] [94]	Caribbean Sea [95]	An; NE; Su
Brissopsis elongata Mortensen, 1907 [3] [7]		Caribbean Sea [96]	An; Su
Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778) [3]	Groove Burrowing Urchin [97]	Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Westhern Mediterranean Sea [98]	An; DF; Su
Clypeaster cyclopylus H.L.Clark, 1941 [99]		Venezuelan Caribbean Sea [100]	DF (Archp. Los Testigos)
Clypeaster euclastus H.L.Clark, 1941 [7] [99]		Caribbean Sea [101]	An, Ca, DA, DF, Fa
Clypeaster lamprus H.L.Clark, 1914 [99]		Caribbean Sea [102]	Va
Clypeaster prostratus Ravenel, 1848 [99]		Caribbean Sea [103]	Fa, Zu
Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) [3] [99]	Sea Biscuit [104]	Caribbean Sea [105]	Fa; DF; NE
Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray, 1825) [3] [7] [99]	Sand Dollar [106]	Caribbean Sea [107]	An; Fa; NE; Su
Diadema antillarum (Philippi & Agassiz, 1863) [3] [7]	Long-spined Sea Urchin [108]	Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea [109]	Ar; Ca; DF; Mi; Su; Va
Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus, 1758) [3] [7] [110]	Rock-boring Urchin [111]	Caribbean Sea [112]	An; Ar; Ca; DA; DF; Fa; Mi; Mo; NE; Su; Va; Zu
Echinometra viridis Agassiz, 1863 [2] [3] [7]	Green Urchin [14]	Caribbean Sea [113]	Ar; Ca; DF; Fa; Mi
Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778) [3] [7] [99]	Sand Dollar, Cookie [14]	Caribbean Sea [114]	Ar; NE; Su
Encope michelini Agassiz, 1841 [99]	Notched Sand Dollar [115]	Caribbean Sea [116]	Ar; NE; Su
Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816) [2] [3] [7]	Slate Pencil Urchin [117]	Caribbean Sea [118]	DF; Mi; NE; Su; Va; Zu
Leodia sexiesperforata (Leske, 1778) [3] [7] [99]	Six Holed Keyhole Urchin [119]	Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea [120]	An; Ar; Ca; Mi; NE; Su; Va
Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck, 1816) [2] [3] [7] [121]	Variegated Sea Urchin [122]	Caribbean Sea [123]	An; Ar; Ca; DA; DF; Fa; Mi; Mo; NE; su; Va; Zu
Mellita quinquiesperforata latiambulacra H. L. Clark, 1940 [2] [3] [7] [99]	Dollar see; Cookie [124]	Caribbean Sea [125]	An; Ar; Ca; DA; Fa; Mi; Mo; NE; Su; Va; Zu
Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck, 1816) [3] [7]		Caribbean Sea [126]	DF; NE
Moira atropos (Lamarck, 1816) [3] [7]		Caribbean Sea [127]	Su;
Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin, 1788) [7]		Caribbean Sea [128]	An; DA; Su
Schizaster orbignyanus Agassiz, 1980 [3] [7]		Caribbean Sea [129]	An; DA; Su
Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck, 1816) [3] [7]	Sea Egg [130]	Caribbean Sea [131]	DF; Fa; Mi; NE; Su; Va

Holothuroidea (Sea Cucumbers)

Holothuroidea

Species	Common name	Global distribution	Distribution by state	Image
Aslia pygmaea (Théel 1886) [2] [6] [7]		Venezuelan Caribbean sea [132]	NE
Aslia surinamensis (Semper 1868) [7] [133]		Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean [133]	NE
Astichopus multifidus (Sluter, 1910) [134]	Fissured Sea Cucumber [135]	Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean [136]	DF
Chiridota rotifera (Pourtalès, 1851) [7]	Worm Cucumber [137]	Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean [138]	Su
Euthyonacta solida (Deichmann, 1930) [7]		Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean [139]	Su
Holothuria arenicola Semper, 1868 [7]		Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean [140]	Su
Holothuria cubana Ludwig, 1875 [7]		Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean [141]	Su
Holothuria glaberrima Selenka, 1867 [7]	Brown Rock Sea Cucumber [142]	Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean [143]	Su
Holothuria grisea (Selenka; 1867) [6] [7]	Gray Sea Cucumber [144]	Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean [145]	Su
Holothuria impatiens (Forskaal, 1775) [6] [7]	Impatient Sea Cucumber [146]	Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean [147]	Su
Holothuria mexicana Ludwig, 1875 [7]	Donkey Dung Sea Cucumber [148]	Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean [149]	DF; Fa
Holothuria occidentalis Ludwig, 1875 [7]		Caribbean Sea [150]	Su
Holothuria parvula (Selenka, 1867) [7]	Golden Sea Cucumber [151]	Caribbean Sea, Indian Ocean [152]	Su
Holothuria princeps (Selenka, 1867) [6] [7]		Caribbean Sea [153]	Su
Holothuria surinamensis Ludwig, 1875 [2] [7]	Surinam Sea Cucumber [154]	Caribbean Sea [155]	Zu
Holothuria thomasi Pawson & Caycedo, 1980 [7]	Tiger Tail Sea Cocumber [156]	Caribbean Sea [157]	su
Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) [6] [7]	Three-rowed Sea Cucumber [158]	Caribbean Sea [159]	DF; Su
Lissothuria antillensis Pawson, 1967 [7]		Venezuelan Caribbean Sea [160]	Su
Lissothuria braziliensis (Théel, 1886) [7]		Venezuelan Caribbean Sea [161]	Su
Ocnus suspectus (Ludwig, 1874) [7]		Caribbean Sea [162]	Su
Pentamera pulcherrima Ayres, 1852 [7]		Nortrwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea [163]	Su
Pseudothyone belli (Luswig, 1887) [7]		Caribbean Sea [164]	Su
Sclerodactyla briareus (Lesueur, 1824) [7]		Caribbean Sea [165]	Su
Thyone pseudofusus Deichmann, 1930 [7]		Caribbean Sea [166]	Su
Thyonidium seguroensis (Deichmann, 1930) [7]		Caribbean Sea [167]	Su

See also

• List of birds of Venezuela
• List of introduced molluscs of Venezuela
• List of mammals of Venezuela
• List of marine molluscs of Venezuela
• List of molluscs of Falcón State, Venezuela
• List of non-marine molluscs of El Hatillo Municipality, Miranda, Venezuela
• List of non-marine molluscs of Venezuela
• List of Poriferans of Venezuela

Notas

1. The following codes are used:
   • An: Anzoátegui
   • Ar: Aragua
   • Ca: Carabobo
   • DA: Delta Amacuro
   • DF: Dependencias Federales
   • Fa: Falcón
   • Mi: Miranda
   • Mo: Monagas
   • NE: Nueva Esparta
   • Su: Sucre
   • Va: Vargas
   • Zu: Zulia

References

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3. Zoppy E (1967). "Contribución al conocimiento de los Equinodermos de Venezuela". Acta Biologica Venezuelica. 5 (17): 267–333.
4. Zoppy, E. & Cedeño, A. 1980. Phylum Echinodermata. En: Bodini, R. & Rada, D. Biología Animal. Editorial Ateneo de Caracas. Caracas - Venezuela. pp:233-242
5. Flores C., Martínez de R. A. (1970). "Status de la familia Goniasteridae (Asteroidea: Phanerozonia) en la región Oriental de Venezuela". Boletín del Instituto Oceanográfico de la Universidad de Oriente. 9 (1–2): 3–8.
6. Martínez, Mago H (1975). "Contribución al conocimiento de los holoturoideos (Holoturoidea: Echinodermata) de la región oriental de Venezuela". Boletín del Instituto Oceanográfico de la Universidad de Oriente. 14 (2): 187–197.
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12. "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Tropiometra carinata". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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26. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Goniaster tessellatus (de Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 124033". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
27. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840 AphiaID: 178188". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
28. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Luidia alternata (Say, 1825)AphiaID: 178615". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
29. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Luidia clathrata (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 158497". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
30. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Luidia senegalensis Nine-armed Sea Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
31. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Luidia senegalensis (Lamark, 1816) AphiaID: 178641". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
32. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Oreaster reticulatus Cushion Sea Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
33. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) AphiaID: 178210". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
34. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Tethyaster vestitus (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 178718". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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39. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje, 1828) AphiaID: 125064". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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47. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Microphiopholis atra (Stimpson, 1852) AphiaID: 158072". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
48. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Microphiopholis gracillima (Stimpson, 1854) AphiaID: 405791". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
49. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiactis muelleri Lütken, 1856 AphiaID: 243460". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
50. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiactis algicola H.L. Clark, 1933 AphiaID: 243434". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
51. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiactis savignyi Savigny's Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
52. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 1842) AphiaID: 125122". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
53. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiocnida scabriuscula Lobate Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
54. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiocnida scabriuscula (Lütken, 1859) AphiaID: 422458". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
55. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiocoma echinata Black Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
56. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiocoma echinata (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 243573". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
57. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiocoma pumila Banded Ophiocoma". EOL. 2011-08-30. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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59. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiocoma wendtii Red Ophiocoma". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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63. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophioderma appressa Harlequin Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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73. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiolepis impressa Lütken, 1859 AphiaID: 243695". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
74. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiolepis impressa Scaly Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
75. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiolepis paucispina (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 124887". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
76. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiomyxa flaccida Slimy Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
77. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiomyxa flaccida (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 243863". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
78. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophionereis olivacea H.L. Clark, 1900 AphiaID: 243886". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
79. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophionereis reticulata Reticulated Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
80. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophionereis reticulata (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 124833". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
81. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophionereis squamulosa Koehler, 1914 AphiaID: 243892". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
82. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiopsila hartmeyeri Koehler, 1913 AphiaID: 244010". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
83. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiopsila riisei Lütken, 1859 AphiaID: 244020". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
84. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiophragmus wurdemani (Lyman, 1860) AphiaID: 243937". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
85. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiothrix angulata Angular Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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88. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiothrix oerstedii Oersted's Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
89. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) oerstedii Lütken, 1856 AphiaID: 244182". Marinespecies.org. 2007-07-18. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
90. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiothrix suensoni Suenson's Brittle Star". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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95. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 158058". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
96. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Brissopsis elongata Mortensen, 1907 AphiaID: 422510". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
97. "Encyclopedia Of Life (EOL) Brissus unicolor". EOL. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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100. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Clypeaster cyclopilus H.L. Clark, 1941 AphiaID: 513181". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
101. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Clypeaster euclastus H.L. Clark, 1941 AphiaID: 422495". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
102. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Clypeaster lamprus H.L. Clark, 1914 AphiaID: 513185". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
103. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Clypeaster prostratus (Ravenel, 1845) AphiaID: 422497". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
104. "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Clypeaster rosaceus". EOL. 2012-06-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
105. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) AphiaID: 367962". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
106. "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Clypeaster subdepressus". EOL. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
107. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray, 1825) AphiaID: 422499". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
108. "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Diadema antillarum". EOL. 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
109. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Diadema antillarum Philippi, 1845 AphiaID: 124332". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
110. Pompa L.; Prieto A. S.; Manrique R. (1989). "Abundancia y distribución espacial en una población del erizo Echinometra lucunter (L) en el Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela". Acta Científica Venezolana. 40: 289–294.
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112. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus, 1758) AphiaID: 213380". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
113. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Echinometra viridis A. Agassiz, 1863 AphiaID: 422493". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
114. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778) AphiaID: 513255". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
115. "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Encope michelini". EOL. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
116. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Encope michelini L. Agassiz, 1841 AphiaID: 422501". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
117. "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Eucidaris tribuloides". EOL. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
118. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 396741". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
119. "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Leodia sexiesperforata". EOL. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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121. Gómez G (2002). "Abundancia de erizo Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) en la costa norte, este y oeste de la isla de Margarita (Venezuela)". Acta Científica Venezolana. 53 (1): 43–53.
122. "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Lytechinus variegatus". EOL. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
123. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 367850". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
124. "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Mellita quinquiesperforata". EOL. 2012-06-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
125. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske, 1778) AphiaID: 158065". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
126. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 367846". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
127. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Moira atropos (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 158067". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
128. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin, 1788) AphiaID: 422511". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
129. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Schizaster orbignyanus A. Agassiz, 1880 AphiaID: 422521". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
130. "encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Tripneustes ventricosus". EOL. 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
131. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 422490". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
132. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Aslia pygmaea (Théel, 1886) AphiaID: 529439". Marinespecies.org. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
133. Pawson, David L.; Pawson, Doris J.; King, Rachael A. (2010). "A taxonomic guide to the Echinodermata of the South Atlantic Bight, USA: 1. Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2449 (2449): 1–48. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.2449.1.1 . ISSN   1175-5326 . Retrieved 2013-10-18.
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135. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Astichopus multifidus Fissured Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
136. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910) AphiaID: 241780". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
137. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Chiridota rotifera Worm Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
138. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Chiridota rotifera (Pourtalès, 1851) AphiaID: 422538". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
139. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Euthyonacta solida (Deichmann, 1930) AphiaID: 422524". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
140. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola Semper, 1868 AphiaID: 210814". Ojs.udo.edu.ve. 2013-01-13. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
141. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Cystipus) cubana Ludwig, 1875 AphiaID: 241823". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
142. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria glaberrima Brown Rock Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
143. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Selenkothuria) glaberrima Selenka, 1867 AphiaID: 241851". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
144. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria grisea Gray Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
145. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea Selenka, 1867 AphiaID: 241833". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
146. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria impatiens Impatient Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
147. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Thymiosycia) impatiens (Forskål, 1775) AphiaID: 125185". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
148. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria mexicana Donkey Dung Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
149. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Halodeima) mexicana Ludwig, 1875 AphiaID: 125180". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
150. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Cystipus) occidentalis Ludwig, 1875 AphiaID: 241826". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
151. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria parvula Golden Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
152. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Platyperona) parvula (Selenka, 1867) AphiaID: 125183". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
153. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Theelothuria) princeps Selenka, 1867 AphiaID: 210890". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
154. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria surinamensis Surinam Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
155. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Semperothuria) surinamensis Ludwig, 1875 AphiaID: 241858". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
156. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria thomasi Tiger Tail Sea Cocumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
157. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Thymiosycia) thomasi Pawson & Caycedo, 1980 AphiaID: 241876". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
158. Isostichopus badionotus. "Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Isostichopus badionotus Three-rowed Sea Cucumber". EOL. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
159. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) AphiaID: 367868". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
160. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Lissothuria antillensis Pawson, 1967 AphiaID: 529094". Marinespecies.org. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
161. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Lissothuria braziliensis (Théel, 1886) AphiaID: 529525". Marinespecies.org. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
162. García, Rosa del Valle., Solís-Marín, Francisco A., Abreu Pérez, Mercedes., Laguarda Figueras, Alfredo & Durán-González, Alicia. 2005 Catálogo de los equinodermos Echinodermata: Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) nerítico-bentónicos del Archipiélago Cubano. Archived 2013-10-19 at the Wayback Machine Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(Suppl. 3):9-28, D ISSN   0034-7744
163. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Pentamera pulcherrima Ayres, 1852 AphiaID: 149908". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
164. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Pseudothyone belli (Ludwig, 1887) AphiaID: 422535". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
165. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Sclerodactyla briareus (Lesueur, 1824) AphiaID: 158532". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
166. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Thyone pseudofusus Deichmann, 1930 AphiaID: 225684". Marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2013-10-18.
167. "World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Thyonidium seguroensis (Deichmann, 1930) AphiaID: 529705". Marinespecies.org. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2013-10-18.

External links

• Venciclopedia - Listado de Equinodermos de Venezuela
• Abundancia de erizo Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) en la costa norte, este y oeste de la isla de Margarita (Venezuela)
• Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano I: Crinoidea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. 2012. Milena Benavides Serrato. Giomar Helena Borrero Pérez. Christian Michael Díaz Sánchez. Instituto de Investigaciones Marino Costeras José Benito Vives De Andrèis (IVEMAR). Colombia. ISBN   978-958-8448-36-7
• Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano II: Echinoidea y Holothuroidea. 2012. Milena Benavides Serrato. Giomar Helena Borrero Pérez. Christian Michael Díaz Sánchez. Instituto de Investigaciones Marino Costeras José Benito Vives De Andrèis (IVEMAR). Colombia. ISBN   978-958-8448-52-7
• Alvarado, Juan José., y Alfonso S.M., Francisco. (editores) 2013: Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer Verlag, Berlin. ISBN   978-3-642-20050-2, ISBN   978-3-642-20051-9