List of floppy disk formats

Last updated

8-inch, .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px} 5+1/4-inch, and 3+1/2-inch floppy disks Floppy disk 2009 G1.jpg
8-inch, 5+1⁄4-inch, and 3+1⁄2-inch floppy disks

This is a list of different floppy disk formats.

Physical formats

SizeDensitySidesTrackstpibpiSectoring Coercivity Unformatted capacity per side
2 inch Video Floppy 52256>800 kB or 50 fields of analog video [1]
2 inch LT-1 double80245
21⁄2 inchSingle16 [2] [3] 48 [2] 64 kB
3 inch QuickDisk
3.25 inchsingle180 [4] 1404,625250 kB
double9,250500 kB
31⁄2 inchSingle240 [5] 67.58,650soft665 Oe250 kB[ citation needed ]
Double801358,717665 Oe [6] 500 kB[ citation needed ]
High8013517,434720-750 Oe1 MB
Extended8013534,868900 Oe2 MB
Triple [7] 240 [8] 406.5 [8] 36,700 [8] 6.5 MB
4 inch DemiDiskette 1 [9]
51⁄4 inchSingle/Double240485,876soft or hard300 Oe250 kB
Quad77100300 Oe500 kB (Micropolis-compatible)
Quad80965,922300 Oe500 kB
High80969,646soft600 Oe833 kB
EH [10] 10412529,5606.5  MB [11]
51⁄4 inch

Apple FileWare

Double28062.5soft851 kiB [12]
8 inchSingle77483,268-3,408soft or hard (inner edge)300 Oe1 MB
Double6,8161 MB
HD [13] 1549620,560600 Oe9.6 MB [14]
8 inch Memorex FD6501 [15] 50 [15] 2,400hard (outer edge)1.5 Mb [15]
65164 [16] 3,1002.5 Mb [16] [17]
8 inch BurroughsDouble21391507,1002 [18]

Logical formats

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, many different logical disk formats were used, depending on the hardware platform.

Contents

Common floppy disk formats, logical characteristics by platform
PlatformSizeDensitySidesTracks/ sideSectors/ trackBytes/ sectorSectoringCapacityrpmEncodingNote
Acorn 51⁄4 inchSingle14010256soft100 kB300FM
80200 kB
Double14016256160 kBMFM
80320 kB
2640 kB
31⁄2 inchDouble28016256640 kB300MFMFormat L: MOS (Electron, Master Compact)
51024800 kB
  • Format D: Arthur, RISC iX
  • Format E: RISC OS
High101,600 kBFormat F: RISC OS 3 and later. Archimedes models before the A5000 require an upgraded floppy drive.
Agat 51⁄4 inchDouble28021256840 kB300MFM [NB 1]
Amstrad CPC/PCW 3 inchDouble1409512180 kB300MFMSingle head drive, but double-sided floppy discs (total of 360 kB per floppy)
Amstrad PCW8512/9512 3 inchDouble2809512720 kB300MFM720 kB mode uses both sides - ensure disc inserted correct way up.
Apple II 51⁄4 inchDouble13513256soft113.75 kB300 GCR [NB 2]
116140 kB
31⁄2 inchDouble180Variable (8-12)512400 kB394 - 590GCR [NB 3]
2800 kB
High280185121,440 kB300MFM [NB 4]
Apple Lisa 51⁄4 inch FileWare Double246Variable (15-22)512soft851 kB218 - 320 [19] GCR
Apple Lisa 2/Macintosh XL,

Macintosh

31⁄2 inchDouble180Variable (8-12)512soft400 kB394 - 590GCR
Apple Macintosh2800 kB
High280185121,440 kB300MFM
Atari 8-bit 51⁄4 inchSingle14018128soft90 kB288FM [NB 5]
Dual26128130 kBMFM
Double18256180 kB
Double218256360 kB300
Atari ST/TT/Falcon31⁄2 inchDouble1809512soft360 kB300MFM
2720 kB
High181,440 kB
Coleco ADAM 51⁄4 inchDouble1408512soft160 kB300MFM
Commodore 64 (8-bit)51⁄4 inchDouble135Variable (17-21) ZCAV 256soft170 kB300GCR [NB 6]
2340 kB
Quad177Variable (23-29) ZCAV521 kB
21,042 kB
31⁄2 inchDouble28010512800 kBMFM 
Commodore Amiga 51⁄4 inchDouble24011512soft440 kB [NB 7] 300MFM [NB 8]
Quad80880 kB [NB 9]
31⁄2 inchDouble880 kB
High191,520 kBGCR [NB 10]
221,760 kB150MFM [NB 8]
Commodore 900 51⁄4 inchHigh28013-16512Soft1,200kB?GCR https://vintagecomputer.ca/files/Commodore/C900/C900%20Floppy%20Specification.pdf
IBM 33FD8 inchSingle17726128240.5 kiB360FMDiskette 1 [20]
15256277.5 kiB
8512296 kiB
IBM 43FD226128481 kiBDiskette 2 [20]
15256555 kiB
IBM 53FDDouble26256962 kiBMFMDiskette 2D [20]
155121.08 MiB
81,0241.16 MiB
DEC RX018 inchSingle17726128250 kB360FM
DEC RX028 inchDouble17726256500 kB360FM/MFM
DEC RX50 51⁄4 inchQuad18010512400 kB300MFM
IBM PC compatibles [21] 8 inchSingle17726128soft250.25 kB [NB 11] [21] [22] [23] 360FM [NB 12]
2500.5 kB [NB 11] [21] [22] [23]
Double181,024616 kB [NB 11] [22] [23] MFM
21,232 kB [NB 11] [21] [22] [23]
51⁄4 inchDouble1408512160 kB [NB 11] 300MFM 
2320 kB [NB 11]
19180 kB [NB 11]
2360 kB [NB 11]
Quad [NB 13] 1808320 kB [NB 11] 300
2640 kB [NB 11]
High280151,200 kB [NB 11] 360
31⁄2 inchDouble1808512320 kB [NB 11] 300MFM
9360 kB [NB 11]
28640 kB [NB 11]
9720 kB [NB 11]
High181,440 kB [NB 11]
211,680 kB [NB 11] DMF [NB 14]
821,720 kB [NB 11]
Extended80362,880 kB [NB 11]
MGT SAM Coupé 31⁄2 inchDouble28010512800 kB300MFM 
NEC PC98 8 inchSingle17726128250.25 kB [NB 11] 360FM 
Double27781,0241,232 kB [NB 11] MFM
51⁄4 inchDouble2808512640 kB [NB 11] 360MFM
9720 kB [NB 11]
High151,200 kB [NB 11]
77 (80) [NB 15] 81,0241,232 (1,280) kB [NB 11] [NB 15] [NB 15]
31⁄2 inchDouble2808512640 kB [NB 11] 360MFM
9720 kB [NB 11]
High151,200 kB [NB 11] 3-mode [NB 16] [NB 15]
77 (80) [NB 15] 81,0241,232 (1280) kB [NB 11] [NB 15]
80185121.44 MB [NB 11] 300
Triple240385129,120 kB360 NEC PC-88 VA3 2TD drive only [8] [7]
Osborne 1 [24] 51⁄4 inchSingle14010256soft100 kB300FM
Double51,024200 kBMFM
Sega SF-70003 inchSingle24016256160 kB ? ?Expansion unit for SC-3000 home computer. Capacity is per side.

[25]

SHARP X68000 51⁄4 inchHigh27781,0241,232 kB [NB 11] 360MFM 
31⁄2 inch
SHARP CE-1600F, CE-140F 21⁄2 inch [2] [3] Singledrive: 1, diskette: 2 (flippable)1685122× 64 kB270 GCR (4/5) Internally based on FDU-250 Micro Floppy Disk Drive Unit [2]
Thomson 51⁄4 inchSingle1401612880 kB300FMThomson UD90.070
Double2256320 kBMFMThomson DD90-320 [NB 17]
31⁄2 inchDouble18016256320 kB300MFMThomson TO9, Thomson DD09-350
Double2640 kBThomson TO8D, TO9+, Thomson DD90-352 [NB 18]
Victor 9000 / ACT Sirius 1 [26] 51⁄4 inchSingle18011-19 (variable)512612 kB [27] 252-417 (variable)GCRDisks varied sectors / track and disk speed to keep consistent bit density across tracks [26]
Double25121,196 kB [27]
Tandy TRS-8051⁄4 inchSingle13510256soft88 kB300FMModel 1/3/4
51⁄4 inchDouble14018256180 kBMFMModel 1/3/4P
51⁄4 inchDouble24018256360 kBMFMModel 4D
8 inchDouble17726256500 kBMFMModel 2
31⁄2 inchSingle14021,280100 kB [28] FMTandy Portable Disk Drive (aka Brother FB-100, knitking FD-19)
31⁄2 inchSingle18021,280200 kB [29] FMUsed only in Tandy Portable Disk Drive 2
51⁄4 inchDouble13518256157 kB [30] MFMColor Computer
HP 9114A31⁄2 inchDouble28016256128-710kB [31] 600MFMUsed with HP 110 and Portable Series 40 & 70
HP 9895A8 inchDouble277292561.18 MB [32] 360MFM
HP 9130K51⁄4 inchDouble23516256286 kB [33] 300MFM
Burroughs MD1228 inchDouble213944256soft6.26 MB [18] 524MFM
Memorex 6508 inchsingle15083,500 b hard1.4 Mb [15] 375FM
Memorex 651single64321.056 b 2.2 Mb [17]
PlatformSizeDensitySideTrackSectorByteSectoringCapacityRPMEncodingNote
Commodore 128 (CP/M)5 1/4Double24026128Soft260K300MFMCommodore 1571
16256320K
9512360K
51,024400K

https://www.c64-wiki.com/wiki/Commodore_1571

https://vintagecomputer.ca/files/Commodore/C900/C900%20Floppy%20Specification.pdf

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Custom controller with unique track layout.
  2. ↑ 16 sector filesystems require a compatible disk controller (PROM update) and Apple DOS 3.3 or later.
  3. ↑ Apple II double-density 31⁄2-inch (90 mm) drives use variable sectors sizes (tracks 00-15: 12 sectors, tracks 16-31: 11 sectors, tracks 32-47: 10 sectors, tracks 48-63: 9 sectors, tracks 64-79: 8 sectors), 394 rpm to 590 rpm.
  4. ↑ Apple II high-density 31⁄2-inch (90 mm) drives require a compatible disk controller and ProDOS 8.
  5. ↑ Third party drives offer up to 1440 KB.
  6. ↑ Commodore floppy drives used a fixed rotation speed with variable sector density (see: Zone bit recording).
  7. ↑ This format was used by the Amiga 1020 external floppy drive and some third-party drives connected to the normal Amiga floppy drive bus.
  8. 1 2 Though the Amiga used MFM, the format places sectors too close together for a standard IBM PC compatible floppy disk controller to read (appearing as one 5632-byte physical sector per track).
  9. ↑ Format used by rare third-party drives with quad density disks; such drives were usually switchable between 80-track and 40-track (A1520/PC-compatible) operation.
  10. ↑ Format used by third-party gcrdisk.device driver in order to use PC-standard HD floppy drives (which rotated at a fixed 300 rpm) via the Amiga floppy drive bus. The Amiga's floppy controller could not keep up with the data rate needed for MFM recording on HD floppies without reducing rotational speed, so the third party driver used an alternate GCR mode.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 The calculated formatted capacity is based on FAT12 format.
  12. ↑ While IBM didn't include an 8-inch floppy drive option on any of their PCs and PC DOS, MS-DOS 1.25 supported 8-inch disks and added support for higher capacities in version 2.0. MS-DOS' predecessor 86-DOS used 8-inch diskettes as well.
  13. ↑ Rare format appearing on some early PC/XT clones using quad-density disks.
  14. ↑ These variations are known as DMF diskettes, used for a time to pack more data on to each disk for software distribution.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Inner 3 tracks of 8 sectors/track format are unused.
  16. ↑ The PC98 31⁄2-inch (90 mm) formats are also known as "3 Mode" floppy disks, usable on IBM PC compatibles with a 3-mode floppy drive.
  17. ↑ The two sides are managed as two independent 160 KB disks
  18. ↑ The two sides are managed as two independent 320 KB disks

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Commodore 1581</span>

    The Commodore 1581 is a 3½-inch double-sided double-density floppy disk drive that was released by Commodore Business Machines (CBM) in 1987, primarily for its C64 and C128 home/personal computers. The drive stores 800 kilobytes using an MFM encoding but formats different from the MS-DOS, Amiga, and Mac Plus formats. With special software it's possible to read C1581 disks on an x86 PC system, and likewise, read MS-DOS and other formats of disks in the C1581, provided that the PC or other floppy handles the "720 kB" size format. This capability was most frequently used to read MS-DOS disks. The drive was released in the summer of 1987 and quickly became popular with bulletin board system (BBS) operators and other users.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Floppy disk</span> Removable disk storage medium

    A floppy disk or floppy diskette is a type of disk storage composed of a thin and flexible disk of a magnetic storage medium in a square or nearly square plastic enclosure lined with a fabric that removes dust particles from the spinning disk. The three most popular floppy disks are the 8-inch, 5¼-inch, and 3½-inch floppy disks. Floppy disks store digital data which can be read and written when the disk is inserted into a floppy disk drive (FDD) connected to or inside a computer or other device.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">86-DOS</span> Discontinued computer operating system for x86 processors and predecessor to MS-DOS/PC DOS

    86-DOS is a discontinued operating system developed and marketed by Seattle Computer Products (SCP) for its Intel 8086-based computer kit.

    Disk formatting is the process of preparing a data storage device such as a hard disk drive, solid-state drive, floppy disk, memory card or USB flash drive for initial use. In some cases, the formatting operation may also create one or more new file systems. The first part of the formatting process that performs basic medium preparation is often referred to as "low-level formatting". Partitioning is the common term for the second part of the process, dividing the device into several sub-devices and, in some cases, writing information to the device allowing an operating system to be booted from it. The third part of the process, usually termed "high-level formatting" most often refers to the process of generating a new file system. In some operating systems all or parts of these three processes can be combined or repeated at different levels and the term "format" is understood to mean an operation in which a new disk medium is fully prepared to store files. Some formatting utilities allow distinguishing between a quick format, which does not erase all existing data and a long option that does erase all existing data.

    In computer science, group coded recording or group code recording (GCR) refers to several distinct but related encoding methods for representing data on magnetic media. The first, used in 6250 bpi magnetic tape since 1973, is an error-correcting code combined with a run-length limited (RLL) encoding scheme, belonging into the group of modulation codes. The others are similar encoding methods used in mainframe hard disks or microcomputer floppy disks until the late 1980s. GCR is a modified form of a NRZI code, but necessarily with a higher transition density.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Tandy 2000</span> Personal computer by Radio Shack

    The Tandy 2000 is a personal computer introduced by Radio Shack in September 1983 based on the 8 MHz Intel 80186 microprocessor running MS-DOS. By comparison, the IBM PC XT used the older 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 processor, and the IBM PC/AT would later use the newer 6 MHz Intel 80286. Due to the 16-bit data bus and more efficient instruction decoding of the 80186, the Tandy 2000 ran significantly faster than other PC compatibles, and slightly faster than the PC AT. The Tandy 2000 was the company's first computer built around an Intel x86 series microprocessor; previous models used the Zilog Z80 and Motorola 6809 CPUs.

    Each generation of floppy disk drive (FDD) began with a variety of incompatible interfaces but soon evolved into one de facto standard interface for the generations of 8-inch FDDs, 5.25-inch FDDs and 3.5-inch FDDs. For example, before adopting 3.5-inch FDD standards for interface, media and form factor there were drives and media proposed by Hitachi, Tabor, Sony, Tandon, Shugart and Canon.

    Sirius Systems Technology was a personal computer manufacturer in Scotts Valley, California. It was founded in 1980 by Chuck Peddle and Chris Fish, formerly of MOS Technology and capitalized by Walter Kidde Inc. In late 1982 Sirius acquired Victor Business Systems from Kidde and changed its name to Victor Technologies. It made the Victor/Sirius series of personal computers. The company made a public stock offering in the first half of 1983, but went into Chapter 11 protection from bankruptcy before the end of 1984. The company's assets were acquired by Datatronic AB, a Swedish software/hardware distribution company headed by Mats Gabrielsson. Gabrielsson signed a distribution deal with Kyocera, which began to supply PC clones to Victor.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Individual Computers Catweasel</span>

    The Catweasel is a family of enhanced floppy-disk controllers from German company Individual Computers. These controllers are designed to allow more recent computers, such as PCs, to access a wide variety of older or non-native disk formats using standard floppy drives.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Rainbow 100</span> DEC microcomputer

    The Rainbow 100 is a microcomputer introduced by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1982. This desktop unit had a monitor similar to the VT220 and a dual-CPU box with both 4 MHz Zilog Z80 and 4.81 MHz Intel 8088 CPUs. The Rainbow 100 was a triple-use machine: VT100 mode, 8-bit CP/M mode, and CP/M-86 or MS-DOS mode using the 8088. It ultimately failed to succeed in the marketplace which became dominated by the simpler IBM PC and its clones which established the industry standard as compatibility with CP/M became less important than IBM PC compatibility. Writer David Ahl called it a disastrous foray into the personal computer market. The Rainbow was launched along with the similarly packaged DEC Professional and DECmate II which were also not successful. The failure of DEC to gain a significant foothold in the high-volume PC market would be the beginning of the end of the computer hardware industry in New England, as nearly all computer companies located there were focused on minicomputers for large organizations, from DEC to Data General, Wang, Prime, Computervision, Honeywell, and Symbolics Inc.

    Floppy disk format and density refer to the logical and physical layout of data stored on a floppy disk. Since their introduction, there have been many popular and rare floppy disk types, densities, and formats used in computing, leading to much confusion over their differences. In the early 2000s, most floppy disk types and formats became obsolete, leaving the 3+1⁄2-inch disk, using an IBM PC compatible format of 1440 KB, as the only remaining popular format.

    Distribution Media Format (DMF) is a format for floppy disks that Microsoft used to distribute software. It allowed the disk to contain 1680 KiB of data on a 31⁄2-inch disk, instead of the standard 1440 KiB. As a side effect, utilities had to specially support the format in order to read and write the disks, which made copying of products distributed on this medium more difficult. An Apple Macintosh computer running Disk Copy 6.3.3 on the Mac OS 7.6 or later operating system can copy and make DMF disks. The first Microsoft software product that uses DMF for distribution were the "c" revisions of Office 4.x. It also was the first software product to use CAB files, then called "Diamond".

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Floppy-disk controller</span> Circuitry that controls reading from and writing to a computers floppy disk drive

    A floppy-disk controller (FDC) is a hardware component that directs and controls reading from and writing to a computer's floppy disk drive (FDD). It has evolved from a discrete set of components on one or more circuit boards to a special-purpose integrated circuit or a component thereof. An FDC is responsible for reading data presented from the host computer and converting it to the drive's on-disk format using one of a number of encoding schemes, like FM encoding or MFM encoding, and reading those formats and returning it to its original binary values.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM Displaywriter System</span> 1980 office desktop computer

    The IBM 6580 Displaywriter System is a 16-bit microcomputer that was marketed and sold by IBM's Office Products Division primarily as a word processor. Announced on June 17, 1980 and effectively withdrawn from marketing on July 2, 1986, the system was sold with a 5 MHz Intel 8086, 128 KB to 448 KB of RAM, a swivel-mounted monochrome CRT monitor, a detached keyboard, a detached 8" floppy disk drive enclosure with one or two drives, and a detached daisy wheel printer, or Selectric typewriter printer. The primary operating system for the Displaywriter is IBM's internally developed word processing software titled "Textpack", but UCSD p-System, CP/M-86, and MS-DOS were also offered by IBM, Digital Research, and CompuSystems, respectively.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Disk II</span> Floppy disk drive for the Apple II computer

    The Disk II Floppy Disk Subsystem, often rendered as Disk ][, is a 5 +1⁄4-inch floppy disk drive designed by Steve Wozniak at the recommendation of Mike Markkula, and manufactured by Apple Computer It went on sale in June 1978 at a retail price of US$495 for pre-order; it was later sold for $595 including the controller card and cable. The Disk II was designed specifically for use with the 1977 Apple II personal computer to replace the slower cassette tape storage.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Apple FileWare</span> Floppy drive by Apple

    FileWare floppy disk drives and diskettes were designed by Apple Computer as a higher-performance alternative to the Disk II and Disk III floppy systems used on the Apple II and Apple III personal computers. The drive is named Apple 871 in service documentation, based on its approximate formatted storage capacity in kilobytes, but is most commonly known by their codename Twiggy, after the famously thin 1960s fashion model named Twiggy.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the floppy disk</span>

    A floppy disk is a disk storage medium composed of a thin and flexible magnetic storage medium encased in a rectangular plastic carrier. It is read and written using a floppy disk drive (FDD). Floppy disks were an almost universal data format from the 1970s into the 1990s, used for primary data storage as well as for backup and data transfers between computers.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Macintosh External Disk Drive</span> External floppy disk drive by Apple

    The Macintosh External Disk Drive is the original model in a series of external 3+1⁄2-inch floppy disk drives manufactured and sold by Apple Computer exclusively for the Macintosh series of computers introduced in January 1984. Later, Apple unified their external drives to work cross-platform between the Macintosh and Apple II product lines, dropping the name "Macintosh" from the drives. Though Apple had been producing external floppy disk drives prior to 1984, they were exclusively developed for the Apple II, III and Lisa computers using the industry standard 5+1⁄4-inch flexible disk format. The Macintosh external drives were the first to widely introduce Sony's new 3+1⁄2-inch rigid disk standard commercially and throughout their product line. Apple produced only one external 3+1⁄2-inch drive exclusively for use with the Apple II series called the Apple UniDisk 3.5.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Floppy disk variants</span> Types of floppy disk formats

    The floppy disk is a data storage and transfer medium that was ubiquitous from the mid-1970s well into the 2000s. Besides the 3½-inch and 5¼-inch formats used in IBM PC compatible systems, or the 8-inch format that preceded them, many proprietary floppy disk formats were developed, either using a different disk design or special layout and encoding methods for the data held on the disk.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM Personal Computer XT</span> Personal computer model released in 1983

    The IBM Personal Computer XT is the second computer in the IBM Personal Computer line, released on March 8, 1983. Except for the addition of a built-in hard drive and extra expansion slots, it is very similar to the original IBM PC model 5150 from 1981.

    References

    1. ↑ US4609949A, Kutaragi, Ken,"Magnetic disc reproducing apparatus",issued 1986-09-02, assigned to Sony Corporation
    2. 1 2 3 4 "Model CE-1600F". Sharp PC-1600 Service Manual (PDF). Yamatokoriyama, Japan: Sharp Corporation, Information Systems Group, Quality & Reliability Control Center. July 1986. pp. 98–104. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 23, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
    3. 1 2 Sharp Service Manual Model CE-140F Pocket Disk Drive (PDF). Sharp Corporation. 00ZCE140F/SME. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 11, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
    4. ↑ Tabor TC-500 Specifications. USA: Tabor Corp. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022.
    5. ↑ "PF-10" (PDF). Epson. 1984. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
    6. ↑ "Floppy Drive Tech Info". www.retrotechnology.com. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
    7. 1 2 NEC μPD72070 - Floppy Disk Controller Specification Version 2.0 (PDF). 2.0 preliminary. NEC Corporation. October 1991. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
    8. 1 2 3 4 "ハードウエア" [Hardware]. NEC PC-88VA (in Japanese). Archived from the original on June 18, 2017.
    9. ↑ US4482929A,Beck, John L.; Bornhorst, Randy J.& Smith, Donald J.et al.,"Magnetic recording disk cartridge",issued 1984-11-13
    10. ↑ "Fujitsu Sales Prospector 1986". Archive.org. 1986. p. 238. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
    11. ↑ "コンピュータ・情報システム・パソコン・周辺機器" [Hitachi Computer Peripherals](PDF). hitachihyoron.com. January 6, 1985. p. 9. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
    12. ↑ Berry, D (September 7, 1982). Lisa Hardware Manual (PDF). Apple Computer Inc. pp. 9–1.
    13. ↑ "Fujitsu Sales Prospector 1986". 1986. pp. 238, 239 – via Archive.org.
    14. ↑ "FDD-441大容量フロッピーディスク駆動装置の開発" [Development of FDD-441 Large-Capacity Floppy Disk Drive](PDF). hitachihyoron.com. August 3, 1984. p. 3. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
    15. 1 2 3 4 650 Flexible Disc File OEM Manual 2944.010. Memorex Corp. 1972. p. 9.
    16. 1 2 Memorex Markette Flexible Discs (PDF). USA: Memorex Corp. 1978. pp. 1–2.
    17. 1 2 Memorex 651 Flexible Disc File OEM Manual. USA: Memorex Corp. 1977. p. 4.
    18. 1 2 Burroughs MD 122 Brochure. USA: Burroughs Marketing. 1979. p. 2.
    19. ↑ "Apple's Twiggy Disks". www.brouhaha.com. Retrieved October 11, 2023.
    20. 1 2 3 The IBM Diskette General Information Manual (PDF) (Reference Manual). USA: IBM. 1979. pp. 18–19.
    21. 1 2 3 4 "Standard Floppy Disk Formats Supported by MS-DOS". 2.0. Microsoft. December 17, 2000. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
    22. 1 2 3 4 Zbikowski, Mark; Allen, Paul; Ballmer, Steve; Borman, Reuben; Borman, Rob; Butler, John; Carroll, Chuck; Chamberlain, Mark; Chell, David; Colee, Mike; Courtney, Mike; Dryfoos, Mike; Duncan, Rachel; Eckhardt, Kurt; Evans, Eric; Farmer, Rick; Gates, Bill; Geary, Michael; Griffin, Bob; Hogarth, Doug; Johnson, James W.; Kermaani, Kaamel; King, Adrian; Koch, Reed; Landowski, James; Larson, Chris; Lennon, Thomas; Lipkie, Dan; McDonald, Marc; McKinney, Bruce; Martin, Pascal; Mathers, Estelle; Matthews, Bob; Melin, David; Mergentime, Charles; Nevin, Randy; Newell, Dan; Newell, Tani; Norris, David; O'Leary, Mike; O'Rear, Bob; Olsson, Mike; Osterman, Larry; Ostling, Ridge; Pai, Sunil; Paterson, Tim; Perez, Gary; Peters, Chris; Petzold, Charles; Pollock, John; Reynolds, Aaron; Rubin, Darryl; Ryan, Ralph; Schulmeisters, Karl; Shah, Rajen; Shaw, Barry; Short, Anthony; Slivka, Ben; Smirl, Jon; Stillmaker, Betty; Stoddard, John; Tillman, Dennis; Whitten, Greg; Yount, Natalie; Zeck, Steve (1988). "Technical advisors". The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2. By Duncan, Ray; Bostwick, Steve; Burgoyne, Keith; Byers, Robert A.; Hogan, Thom; Kyle, Jim; Letwin, Gordon; Petzold, Charles; Rabinowitz, Chip; Tomlin, Jim; Wilton, Richard; Wolverton, Van; Wong, William; Woodcock, JoAnne (Completely reworked ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA: Microsoft Press. ISBN   1-55615-049-0. LCCN   87-21452. OCLC   16581341. (xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. )
    23. 1 2 3 4 Xerox 16/8 Professional Computer – MS-DOS OS Handbook for 8" Floppy Disks (PDF). Xerox. November 1983.
    24. ↑ Hogan, Thom; Iannamico, Mike (1982). Osborne 1 Technical Manual (PDF). Osborne Computer Corporation. p. 39.
    25. ↑ "Sega SF-7000 Super Control Station User Guide". Sega Enterprises. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
    26. 1 2 "Victor 9000 Hardware Reference Manual" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
    27. 1 2 Lemmons, Phil (November 1982). "Victor Victorious". BYTE . p. 216. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
    28. ↑ Tandy Portable Disk Drive Operation Manual 26-3808. Japan: Radio Shack. 1985. p. 25.
    29. ↑ Tandy Portable Disk Drive 2 Operation Manual 26-3814. Japan: Radio Shack. 1986. p. 33.
    30. ↑ Radio Shack Hardware Manual: Color Computer Disk System Owners Manual (1981)(Tandy). 1981.
    31. ↑ 9914A Disc Drive (PDF). Hewlett-Packard. June 1, 1984. p. 1-2.
    32. ↑ 9895A Flexible Disc Users Manual (PDF). Fort Collins, Colorado USA: Hewlett-Packard Desktop Computer Division. 1978. p. 6.
    33. ↑ HP 9130K Flexible Disc Drive Service Documentation (PDF). Fort Collins, Colorado USA: Hewlett-Packard Greeley Division. 1981.
    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.