Frederick III adopted a Semi-salic law of succession.
Heir | Status | Relationship to Monarch | Became heir | Ceased to be heir | Next in succession relation to heir, dates | Monarch | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Reason | Date | Reason | |||||
Christian | heir apparent | son | 14 November 1665 | Hereditary succession established | 9 Feb 1670 | became king | George brother | Frederick III |
George | heir presumptive | brother | 9 Feb 1670 | brother became king | 11 Oct 1671 | son born to king | Anna Sophie sister | Christian V |
Crown Prince Frederick | heir apparent | son | 11 Oct 1671 | born | 25 Aug 1699 | became king | George, Duke of Cumberland uncle (1671-1672, 1673-1675) | |
Christian William brother (1672-1673) | ||||||||
Christian brother (1675-1695) | ||||||||
Charles, Count of Holstein brother (1695-1697, 1698-1699) | ||||||||
Christian son (1697-1698) | ||||||||
Charles, Count of Holstein | heir presumptive | brother | 25 Aug 1699 | brother became king | 10 Dec 1699 | son born to king | William brother | Frederick IV |
Crown Prince Christian | heir apparent | son | 10 Dec 1699 | born | 12 Oct 1730 | became king | Charles, Count of Holstein uncle (1699-1701, 1702-1703, 1704–1723) | |
Frederick brother (1701-1702) | ||||||||
George brother (1703-1704) | ||||||||
Frederick son (1723-1730) | ||||||||
Crown Prince Frederick | heir apparent | son | 12 Oct 1730 | father became king | 6 Aug 1746 | became king | Louise sister (1730-1735) | Christian VI |
Christian son (1745-1746) | ||||||||
Crown Prince Christian | heir apparent | son | 6 Aug 1746 | father became king | 3 Jun 1747 | died | Sophia Magdalena sister | Frederick V |
Sophia Magdalena | heir presumptive | daughter | 3 Jun 1747 | brother died | 29 Jan 1749 | son born to king | Princess Wilhelmina Caroline of Denmark sister | |
Crown Prince Christian | heir apparent | son | 29 Jan 1749 | born | 14 Jan 1766 | became king | Sophia Magdalena sister (1749-1753) | |
Frederick brother (1753-1766) | ||||||||
Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark | heir presumptive | brother | 14 Jan 1766 | brother became king | 28 Jan 1768 | son born to king | Sophia Magdalena sister | Christian VII |
Crown Prince Frederick | heir apparent | son | 28 Jan 1768 | born | 13 Mar 1808 | became king | Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark uncle (1768-1805) | |
Christian cousin (1805-1808) | ||||||||
Christian | heir presumptive | cousin | 13 Mar 1808 | cousin became king | 3 Dec 1839 | became king | Ferdinand, Hereditary Prince of Denmark brother (1808) | Frederick VI |
Frederick son (1808-1839) | ||||||||
Crown Prince Frederick | heir apparent | son | 3 Dec 1839 | father became king | 20 Jan 1848 | became king | Ferdinand uncle | Christian VIII |
Ferdinand, Hereditary Prince of Denmark | heir presumptive | uncle | 20 Jan 1848 | nephew became king | 29 Jun 1863 | died | disputed, eventually: | Frederick VII |
Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 1st cousin, once removed (1852-1863 by legislation) | ||||||||
Christian | heir presumptive | 2nd cousin | 29 Jun 1863 | heir died | 15 Nov 1863 | became king | Frederik son |
With both Frederick VII and his uncle, Ferdinand childless, legislation was passed in 1852 to give the Danish throne to Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a great-grandson of Frederick V. Semi-salic law continued to be used until 1953 when male-preference primogeniture was adopted. This lasted until 2009 when absolute primogeniture was put in place.
House of Glücksburg (1863–present) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monarch | Heir | Relationship to monarch | Became heir (Date; Reason) | Ceased to be heir (Date; Reason) | Next in line of succession |
Christian IX | Crown Prince Frederik | Son | 16 November 1863 Father became king | 29 January 1906 Father died, became king | Prince Valdemar [lower-alpha 1] , 1863–1870, brother |
Prince Christian , 1870–1906, son | |||||
Frederik VIII | Crown Prince Christian | Son | 29 January 1906 Father became king | 14 May 1912 Father died, became king | Prince Frederik , son |
Christian X | Crown Prince Frederik | Son | 14 May 1912 Father became king | 20 April 1947 Father died, became king | Prince Knud, brother |
Frederik IX | Hereditary Prince Knud | Brother | 20 April 1947 Brother became king | 5 June 1953 Law of succession changed | Prince Ingolf, son |
Princess Margrethe | Daughter | 5 June 1953 Law of succession changed [lower-alpha 2] | 14 January 1972 Father died, became queen | Princess Benedikte, 1953–1968, sister | |
Prince Frederik , 1968–1972, son | |||||
Margrethe II | Crown Prince Frederik | Son | 14 January 1972 Mother became queen | 14 January 2024 Mother abdicated, became king | Prince Joachim, 1972–2005, brother |
Prince Christian, 2005–2024, son | |||||
Frederik X | Crown Prince Christian | Son | 14 January 2024 Father became king | Incumbent | Princess Isabella, sister |
A monarch is a head of state for life or until abdication, and therefore the head of state of a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, or others may wield that power on behalf of the monarch. Usually a monarch either personally inherits the lawful right to exercise the state's sovereign rights or is selected by an established process from a family or cohort eligible to provide the nation's monarch. Alternatively, an individual may proclaim oneself monarch, which may be backed and legitimated through acclamation, right of conquest or a combination of means.
Patrilineality, also known as the male line, the spear side or agnatic kinship, is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through their father's lineage. It generally involves the inheritance of property, rights, names, or titles by persons related through male kin. This is sometimes distinguished from cognate kinship, through the mother's lineage, also called the spindle side or the distaff side.
The Salic law, also called the Salian law, was the ancient Frankish civil law code compiled around AD 500 by the first Frankish King, Clovis. The written text is in Late Latin and contains some of the earliest known instances of Old Dutch. It remained the basis of Frankish law throughout the early Medieval period, and influenced future European legal systems. The best-known tenet of the old law is the principle of exclusion of women from inheritance of thrones, fiefs, and other property. The Salic laws were arbitrated by a committee appointed and empowered by the King of the Franks. Dozens of manuscripts dating from the sixth to eighth centuries and three emendations as late as the ninth century have survived.
Christian IX was King of Denmark from 15 November 1863 until his death in 1906. From 1863 to 1864, he was concurrently Duke of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg.
Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn legitimate child to inherit the parent's entire or main estate in preference to shared inheritance among all or some children, any illegitimate child or any collateral relative. In most contexts, it means the inheritance of the firstborn son ; it can also mean by the firstborn daughter, or firstborn child.
Frederick VII was King of Denmark from 1848 to 1863. He was the last Danish monarch of the older Royal branch of the House of Oldenburg and the last king of Denmark to rule as an absolute monarch. During his reign, he signed a constitution that established a Danish parliament and made the country a constitutional monarchy. Frederick's motto was Folkets Kærlighed, min Styrke.
The Grand Duke of Luxembourg is the head of state of Luxembourg. Luxembourg has been a grand duchy since 15 March 1815, when it was created from territory of the former Duchy of Luxembourg. It was in personal union with the United Kingdom of the Netherlands until 1890 under the House of Orange-Nassau. Luxembourg is the world's only sovereign Grand Duchy and since 1815, there have been nine monarchs, including the incumbent, Henri.
An heir apparent or simply heir is a person who is first in an order of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person. A person who is first in the current order of succession but could be displaced by the birth of a more eligible heir is known as heir presumptive.
An heir presumptive is the person entitled to inherit a throne, peerage, or other hereditary honour, but whose position can be displaced by the birth of a person with a better claim to the position in question. This is in contrast to an heir apparent, whose claim on the position cannot be displaced in this manner.
A hereditary monarchy is a form of government and succession of power in which the throne passes from one member of a ruling family to another member of the same family. A series of rulers from the same family would constitute a dynasty. It is historically the most common type of monarchy and remains the dominant form in extant monarchies. It has the advantages of continuity of the concentration of power and wealth and predictability of who one can expect to control the means of governance and patronage. Provided that a monarch is competent, not oppressive, and maintains an appropriate dignity, it might also offer the stabilizing factors of popular affection for and loyalty to a ruling family. The adjudication of what constitutes oppressive, dignified and popular tends to remain in the purview of the monarch. A major disadvantage of hereditary monarchy arises when the heir apparent may be physically or temperamentally unfit to rule. Other disadvantages include the inability of a people to choose their head of state, the ossified distribution of wealth and power across a broad spectrum of society, and the continuation of outmoded religious and social-economic structures mainly for the benefit of monarchs, their families, and supporters.
The Danish Act of Succession, adopted on 5 June 1953, restricts the throne to those descended from Christian X and his wife, Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, through approved marriages. By a change in the law in 2009, succession is governed by absolute primogeniture.
Since 1983, the crown of the Netherlands passes according to absolute primogeniture. From 1814 until 1887, a monarch could only be succeeded by their closest female relative if there were no eligible male relatives. Male-preference cognatic primogeniture was adopted in 1887, though abolished when absolute primogeniture was introduced in 1983. Proximity of blood has been taken into consideration since 1922, when the constitution was changed to limit the line of succession to three degrees of kinship from the current monarch. In a situation where the monarch is succeeded by an eligible aunt or uncle, persons previously excluded could be reintroduced into the line of succession.
A queen regnant is a female monarch, equivalent in rank, title and position to a king. She reigns suo jure over a realm known as a kingdom; as opposed to a queen consort, who is married to a reigning king; or a queen regent, who is the guardian of a child monarch and rules pro tempore in the child's stead or instead of her husband who is absent from the realm, be it de jure in sharing power or de facto in ruling alone. A queen regnant is sometimes called a woman king. A princess regnant is a female monarch who reigns suo jure over a principality; an empress regnant is a female monarch who reigns suo jure over an empire.
The Danish royal family is the dynastic family of the monarch of Denmark. While some members of the Danish royal family hold the title of Prince(ss) of Denmark, descendants of Margrethe II additionally bear the title Count(ess) of Monpezat. Children of the monarch are accorded the style of His/Her Royal Highness. The King and Queen are styled Majesty.
Agnatic seniority is a patrilineal principle of inheritance where the order of succession to the throne prefers the monarch's younger brother over the monarch's own sons. A monarch's children succeed only after the males of the elder generation have all been exhausted. Agnatic seniority excludes females of the dynasty and their descendants from the succession. Contrast agnatic primogeniture, where the king's sons stand higher in succession than his brothers.
An order, line or right of succession is the line of individuals necessitated to hold a high office when it becomes vacated, such as head of state or an honour such as a title of nobility. This sequence may be regulated through descent or by statute.
The Act of Succession of 27 March 1953 is an act adopted after a 1953 referendum in Denmark and dictates the rules governing the succession to the Danish throne. The 1953 referendum changed the act so that it became possible for a woman to inherit the throne if she has no brothers, a system known as male-preference cognatic preference primogeniture. As the reigning King Frederik IX had three daughters and no sons, this made Princess Margrethe heiress presumptive to the throne, replacing her uncle Prince Knud. As Frederik IX's wife Queen Ingrid was not expected to have any more children, this effectively ensured that Princess Margrethe would become Queen of Denmark, which she did in 1972. The act also removed the succession rights of minor members of the House of Glücksburg.
The monarchy of Denmark is a constitutional institution and a historic office of the Kingdom of Denmark. The Kingdom includes Denmark proper and the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The Kingdom of Denmark was already consolidated in the 8th century, whose rulers are consistently referred to in Frankish sources as "kings". Under the rule of King Gudfred in 804 the Kingdom may have included all the major provinces of medieval Denmark.
Duchess Donata of Mecklenburg is the senior remaining member of the House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Since there are no males left in the family, the Schwerin branch itself is considered extinct due to the Salic law of succession, leaving Mecklenburg-Strelitz as the only remaining line of the House of Mecklenburg.