List of moral panics

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This is a list of events that fit the sociological definition of a moral panic.

Contents

In sociology, a moral panic is a period of increased and widespread societal concern over some group or issue, in which the public reaction to such group or issue is disproportional to its actual threat. The concern is further fueled by mass media and moral entrepreneurs. Moral panics may result in legislative and/or long-lasting cultural changes in the societies where they occur. The concept was first introduced into the field of sociology by Stanley Cohen in his 1972 book and has since been expanded by other researchers. [1] [2] [3] Moral panics are different from irrational hysterias. [4]

18th century and before

titleconcerncauseslocationtimerefs
Blood libelThe false idea that Jews engage in the kidnapping and murder of gentile childrenEurope [5]
Witch-hunts That some individuals with supernatural powers, "witches", were causing harm to people in their communitiesUnsubstantiated rumors and accusations of witchcraftEurope, North AmericaMiddle ages to the 1700s [6] [7]

19th century

titleconcerncauseslocationtimerefs
Anti-Catholic panicThat Catholics were conspiring against American interestsIncreased immigration of Catholics to the United States, pre-existing anti-Catholic attitudes, political tension between the U.S. and European powersUnited States1840s, 1850s [8] [6]
Garroting panic of the 1860sRobberies involving the practice of garrotingMedia coverage of garroting robberiesUnited States1860s [9] [10]
White slavery scareThe prostitution of White womenAllegations regarding the prostitution of White women by private businesses, release of Traffic in Souls United Kingdom, United States1880s (UK), early 1900s (US) [11] [12]

20th century

titleconcerncauseslocationtimerefs
Comic book panicThat comic books were negatively influencing young peoplePopularization of comic books among the youth, publication of Seduction of the Innocent United States1930s – 1950s [13] [14]
Sexual psychopath panicChild sexual offending by "sexual psychopaths", a contested psychological category of sex offenders [15] Sensationalistic media coverage of child sex crimesUnited States1930s – 1950s [15] [16]
Homosexual panicThat homosexuals were trying to "promote homosexuality" to society, including childrenUnited States, United Kingdom1950s – 1990s [17] [18]
Lavender scare That homosexuals were conspiring against American interestsSocietal tensions during the Cold War, the belief that homosexuals were sympathetic toward the Soviet Union United States1950s [12] [15]
Mods and rockers panicHooligan activities by the two youth groupsSensationalistic media coverage of the conflicts between the groups United Kingdom1960s [19] [2]
War on drugs Drug trafficking and consumptionIncrease of drug consumption in society, media alarmismGlobal1970s – present [4] [20]
Sex offender panicChild sex crimes perpetrated by sex offenders and pedophilesReoccurrence of high-profile child sexual abuse scandalsUnited States, United Kingdom1970s – present [21] [22] [16] [23]
Violent video games panicThat video games were influencing children into committing violent actsPopularization of violent video games among the youth, discredited psychological theories about gamesUnited States1970s – 1990s [24] [25]
Mugging panicMuggings in public streets, especially by young Black malesMedia alarmism, 1973 Birmingham mugging attackUnited Kingdom1970s [26]
Satanic panic That supposed Satanic cults were engaging in child sexual abuse ritualsUnsubstantiated Satanic ritual abuse rumors and allegations, tabloid journalismUnited States1980s [27] [28]
Missing children panicChild abduction by strangers in public places Murder of Adam Walsh, media sensationalismUnited States1980s [26] [29] [30]
Dungeons & Dragons panicThat some RPG table-top games, especially D&D, were leading young people into drug use and SatanismPopularization of mythical-themed role-play games, Christian and BADD activism, [31] other controversies United States1980s [32] [33]
Day-care sex-abuse hysteria That some day-care centers were engaging in Satanic child sexual abuseIncreased usage of day-cares among employed women with young childrenUnited States1980s – 1990s [34] [35]
AIDS panicAIDS dissemination, particularly by gay menAIDS pandemic of the 1980s, Conservative activismGlobal1980s – 1990s [36] [37]
"Wilding" panicPhysical and sexual assaults in public streets by ethnic youth gangs Rape of Trisha Meili, media sensationalismUnited States1989 – 1990s [38] [39]
Dangerous dogs panicDog attacks against humans, especially by pit bulls Sensationalistic media coverage of dog attacksUnited Kingdomlate 1980s – 1990s [40] [41] [42]
Harry Potter panicThat the book series was leading children into witchcraft and occultismThe novels' themes of magic and witchcraft, anti-occult activism against the seriesUnited States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia1990s – 2000s [43] [1]
Internet moral panicThe dissemination of legal and illegal pornography on the internet, online criminal activitiesPopularization of the Internet, media sensationalismGlobal1990s – 2000s [44] [45] [46] [47]
School shooting panic School shootings Increased media coverage of school shooting cases [48] United States1990s – present [49] [50]

21st century

titleconcerncauseslocationtimerefs
Islamic terrorism panicArab and Muslim terrorism September 11 attacks United StatesEarly 2000s [51] [52]
Human trafficking panic Sex trafficking and human trafficking Reoccurrence of high-profile human- and sex-trafficking scandalsUnited States, United Kingdom, Australia2000s – present [53] [54] [55] [56]
Internet predator panicSexting between adults and minors on the internetPopularization of social media among young people, misreadings of forensic statistics by mass media [57] [58] United States, United Kingdom2000s [57] [59] [58]
Gender ideology panicThat LGBT activists were introducing children to "gender ideology" in schoolsIncrease of neo-Conservative activism in Latin America since the 1980sLatin America2000s – 2010s [60] [61]
Blue Whale Challenge 2016
QAnon panicThat some politicians and celebrities engaged in Satanic child sexual abuse ritualsConspiracy theories fueled by social media algorithmsUnited States2010s [62] [63]
Anti-LGBT panic LGBT child grooming and genital mutilation of cisgender children by gender professionalsIncrease in the number of children identifying as LGBT, unsubstantiated theories spread by anti-LGBT activistsUnited States, Argentina, Brazil2010s – present [64] [30]

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Sexual psychopath was a category of criminals roughly defined as male sex offenders who had little to no control over their sexual impulses. The typology was built upon 19th-century Canadian psychiatrist Joseph Workman's five main categories of insanity. It was popularized in the United States during a moral panic regarding sex crimes that lasted from the late 1930s to the 1940s. The popularization of the sexual psychopath category in North America led to the creation of sexual psychopath laws in the United States and Canada.

References

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  2. 1 2 Jones, Paul (1997). "Moral Panic: The Legacy of Stan Cohen and Stuart Hall". Media International Australia. 85 (1): 6–16. doi:10.1177/1329878X9708500103. ISSN   1324-5325.
  3. ↑ Walsh, James P (2017). "Moral panics by design: The case of terrorism". Current Sociology. 65 (5): 643–662. doi:10.1177/0011392116633257. ISSN   0011-3921.
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  5. ↑ Krzyzanowski, Lukasz; Zaremba, Marcin (2024). ""Our children": Moral panic associated with children and collective violence against the Jews in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War in Poland". Conflict Resolution Quarterly. 41 (3): 409–431. doi: 10.1002/crq.21411 . ISSN   1536-5581.
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  54. ↑ Haynes, Jason (2023). "Human Trafficking: Iconic Victims, Folk Devils and the Nationality and Borders Act 2022". The Modern Law Review. 86 (5): 1232–1264. doi: 10.1111/1468-2230.12814 . ISSN   0026-7961.
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