Impeachment is the process by which a legislative body or other legally constituted tribunal initiates charges against a public official for misconduct. Impeachment may be understood as a unique process involving both political and legal elements.
The politics of Pakistan takes place within the framework established by the constitution. The country is a federal parliamentary republic in which provincial governments enjoy a high degree of autonomy and residuary powers. Executive power is vested with the national cabinet which is headed by the prime minister, who works coherently along with the bicameral parliament and the judicature. Stipulations set by the constitution provide a delicate check and balance of sharing powers between executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government.
Switzerland is a semi-direct democratic federal republic. The federal legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the Federal Assembly, the National Council and the Council of States. The Federal Council holds the executive power and is composed of seven power-sharing Federal Councillors elected by the Federal Assembly. The judicial branch is headed by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, whose judges are elected by the Federal Assembly.
Separation of powers refers to the division of a state's government into branches, each with separate, independent powers and responsibilities, so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with those of the other branches. The typical division is into three branches: a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary, which is the trias politica model. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in parliamentary and semi-presidential systems, where the executive and legislative branches overlap.
The Government of Ethiopia is structured in a framework of a federal parliamentary republic, whereby the Prime Minister is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. The prime minister is chosen by the parliament. Federal legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. The Judiciary is more or less independent of the executive and the legislature. They are governed under the 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia. There is a bicameral parliament made of the 108-seat house of federation and the 547-seat House of Peoples Representatives. The house of federation has members chosen by the state assemblies to serve five year terms. The house of people's representatives are elected by direct election, who in turn elect the president for a six-year term.
The Canadian order of precedence is a nominal and symbolic hierarchy of important positions within the governing institutions of Canada. It has no legal standing but is used to dictate ceremonial protocol.
Paul Cérésole was a Swiss politician, judge of the Supreme Court (1867–1870) and member of the Swiss Federal Council (1870–1875).
The government of Czechoslovakia under Marxism–Leninism was in theory a dictatorship of the proletariat. In practice, it was a one-party dictatorship run by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, the KSC.
The Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland is the supreme court of the Swiss Confederation and at the head of the Swiss judiciary.
The High Court of Cassation and Justice is Romania's supreme court, and the court of last resort. It is the equivalent of France's Cour de Cassation and serves a similar function to other courts of cassation around the world.
The Supreme Administrative Court of the Republic of Poland is the court of last resort in administrative cases e.g. those betweens private citizens and administrative bodies. This court deals with appeals from lower administrative courts called Voivodship Administrative Courts.
The judicial system of Turkey is defined by Articles 138 to 160 of the Constitution of Turkey.
Corina Casanova was the Federal Chancellor of Switzerland between 2008 and 2015.
The following is the Australian Table of Precedence.
- The Queen of Australia: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II
- The Governor-General of Australia: His Excellency General The Honourable David Hurley AC, DSC, FTSE
- Governors of states in order of appointment:
- Governor of Queensland His Excellency The Honourable Paul de Jersey AC, QC
- Governor of South Australia His Excellency The Honourable Hieu Van Le AC
- Governor of Tasmania Her Excellency Professor The Honourable Kate Warner AC
- Governor of Victoria Her Excellency The Honourable Linda Dessau AC
- Governor of Western Australia His Excellency The Honourable Kim Beazley AC
- Governor of New South Wales Her Excellency The Honourable Margaret Beazley AC, QC
- The Prime Minister The Honourable Scott Morrison MP
- The President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives in order of election:
- Speaker of the House of Representatives The Honourable Tony Smith MP
- President of the Senate Senator The Honourable Scott Ryan
- The Chief Justice of Australia The Honourable Susan Kiefel AC
- Senior diplomatic posts:
- Ambassadors and High Commissioners in order of date of presentation of the Letters of Credence or Commission
- Chargés d'affaires en pied or en titre in order of date of presentation of the Letters of Credence or Commission
- Chargés d'affaires and Acting High Commissioners in order of date of assumption of duties
- Members of the Federal Executive Council:
- Ministry List
- Administrators of Territories in order of appointment:
- Administrator of Norfolk Island
- Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories
- Administrator of the Northern Territory
- The Leader of the Opposition The Honourable Anthony Albanese MP
- Former holders of high offices:
- Former Governors-General in order of leaving office:
- The Hon. Bill Hayden AC (1989–1996)
- The Hon. Sir William Deane AC KBE QC (1996–2001)
- Dr Peter Hollingworth (2001–2003)
- The Hon. Dame Quentin Bryce AD, CVO (2008–2014)
- General The Hon. Sir Peter Cosgrove AK, CVO, MC (2014–2019)
- Former Prime Ministers in order of leaving office:
- The Hon. Paul Keating (1991–1996)
- The Hon. John Howard OM AC SSI (1996–2007)
- The Hon. Kevin Rudd AC
- The Hon. Julia Gillard AC (2010–2013)
- The Hon. Tony Abbott AC (2013–2015)
- The Hon. Malcolm Turnbull AC (2015–2018)
- Former Chief Justices in order of leaving office:
- The Hon. Sir Anthony Mason AC KBE GBM QC (1987–1995)
- The Hon. Sir Gerard Brennan AC KBE GBS QC (1995–1998)
- The Hon. Murray Gleeson AC GBS QC (1998–2008)
- The Hon. Robert French AC (2008–2017)
- Premiers of states in order of state populations, then the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory:
- Premier of New South Wales
- Premier of Victoria
- Premier of Queensland
- Premier of Western Australia
- Premier of South Australia
- Premier of Tasmania
- Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
- Justices of the High Court in order of appointment:
- The Hon. Virginia Bell AC
- The Hon. Stephen Gageler AC
- The Hon. Patrick Keane AC
- The Hon. Michelle Gordon AC
- The Hon. James Edelman
- The Hon. Simon Steward QC
- The Hon. Jacqueline Sarah Gleeson SC
- Senior judges:
- Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia
- President of the Fair Work Commission
- Chief Justices of States in order of appointment:
- Chief Justice of New South Wales
- Chief Justice of South Australia
- Chief Justice of Tasmania
- Chief Justice of Queensland
- Chief Justice of Victoria
- Chief Justice of Western Australia
- Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in order of appointment:
- Ian Sinclair
- Sir William Heseltine
- The Chief of the Defence Force
- Chief Judges of Federal and Territory Courts in order of appointment
- Chief Justice of the Australian Capital Territory
- Chief Justice of the Northern Territory
- Chief Justice of the Family Court of Australia
- Members of Parliament
- Judges of the Federal Court of Australia and Family Court of Australia, and Deputy presidents of the Fair Work Commission in order of appointment
- Lord Mayors of capital cities in order of city populations:
- Lord Mayor of Sydney
- Lord Mayor of Melbourne
- Lord Mayor of Brisbane
- Lord Mayor of Perth
- Lord Mayor of Adelaide
- Lord Mayor of Hobart
- Lord Mayor of Darwin
- Heads of religious communities according to the date of assuming office in Australia
- Presiding officers of State Legislatures in order of appointment, then Presiding Officer of the Northern Territory legislature:
- President of the New South Wales Legislative Council
- Speaker of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
- Speaker of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
- President of the Western Australian Legislative Council
- Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland
- Speaker of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
- Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly
- President of the Victorian Legislative Council
- Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
- President of the Tasmanian Legislative Council
- President of the South Australian Legislative Council
- Speaker of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
- Members of State Executive Councils in order of state populations, and then members of the Northern Territory Executive Council:
- Executive Council of New South Wales
- Executive Council of Victoria
- Executive Council of Queensland
- Executive Council of Western Australia
- Executive Council of South Australia
- Executive Council of Tasmania
- Executive Council of the Northern Territory
- Leaders of the Opposition of State Legislatures in order of state populations, then in the Northern Territory:
- Leader of the Opposition of New South Wales
- Leader of the Opposition of Victoria
- Leader of the Opposition of Queensland
- Leader of the Opposition of Western Australia
- Leader of the Opposition of South Australia
- Leader of the Opposition of Tasmania
- Leader of the Opposition of the Northern Territory
- Judges of State and Territory Supreme Courts in order of appointment:
- Supreme Court of New South Wales
- Supreme Court of Victoria
- Supreme Court of Queensland
- Supreme Court of Western Australia
- Supreme Court of South Australia
- Supreme Court of Tasmania
- Supreme Court of the Northern Territory
- Members of State Legislatures in order of state populations:
- New South Wales Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council
- Victorian Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council
- Queensland Legislative Assembly
- Western Australian Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council
- South Australian House of Assembly and Legislative Council
- Tasmanian House of Assembly and Legislative Council
- Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
- The Secretaries of Departments of the Australian Public Service and their peers and the Chiefs of the Air Force, Army, and Navy and Vice Chief of the Defence Force in order of first appointment to this group:
- Vice Chief of the Defence Force
- Chief of Navy
- Chief of Army
- Chief of Air Force
- Consuls-General, Consuls and Vice-Consuls according to the date on which recognition was granted
- Members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
- Recipients of Decorations or Honours from the Sovereign
- Citizens of the Commonwealth of Australia
The supreme court is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts in many legal jurisdictions. Other descriptions for such courts include court of last resort, apex court, and highcourt of appeal. Broadly speaking, the decisions of a supreme court are not subject to further review by any other court. Supreme courts typically function primarily as appellate courts, hearing appeals from decisions of lower trial courts, or from intermediate-level appellate courts.
The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is a court within the judiciary of Russia and the court of last resort in Russian administrative law, civil law and criminal law cases. It also supervises the work of lower courts. Its predecessor is the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union.
The Federal Administrative Court of Switzerland is a Swiss federal court. It is the judicial authority to which decisions of the federal authorities of Switzerland can be appealed. The decisions of the Federal Administrative Court can generally be appealed, in turn, to the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland.
The Federal Insurance Court of Switzerland was an independent division of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court based in Lucerne. Responsible for judicial review of administrative decisions related to social security, it was composed of eleven full-time and eleven part-time judges.
The prefix The Honourable, abbreviated to The Hon., Hon., or The Hon'ble, is an honorific style that is used before the names of certain classes of people.
The present Portuguese order of precedence is defined by the Law of the Precedences of Protocol of the Portuguese State of 25th August 2006. This defines the following precedence:
- The President of the Republic
- The President of the European Council
- The President of the Assembly of the Republic
- The President of the European Parliament
- The Prime Minister
- The President of the European Council
- The President of the European Commission
- The President of the Supreme Court and the President of the Constitutional Court
- The President of the Supreme Administrative Court and the President of the Court of Auditors
- Former Presidents of the Republic
- Ministers of the Government of Portugal
- Members of the European Commission
- The Leader of the Opposition
- Vice-presidents of the Assembly of the Republic and Presidents of the parliamentary groups
- The Attorney-general of the Republic
- The Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces
- The Ombudsman
- Representatives of the Republic to the Autonomous Regions
- Presidents of the Legislative Assemblies of the Autonomous Regions
- Presidents of the Regional Governments
- Leaders of other parties with seats in the Assembly of the Republic
- Former Presidents of the Assembly of the Republic and former Prime Ministers
- Councilors of State
- Presidents of Permanent Commissions of the Assembly of the Republic
- Secretaries and under-secretaries of State of the Government of Portugal
- Chiefs of Staff of the Army, Navy, and Air Force
- Members of the Assembly of the Republic
- Members of the European Parliament
- Field marshals and Admirals of the fleet
- Chiefs of the Civilian House and Military House of the President of the Republic
- Presidents of the Economic and Social Council, of the National Association of Portuguese Municipalities and of the National Association of Freguesias
- The Governor of the Bank of Portugal
- Chancellors of Honorific Orders of Portugal
- Vice-presidents of the Supreme Judges Council
- Judges of the Constitutional Court
- Judges of the Supreme Court, Supreme Administrative Court, and Court of Audits
- Regional secretaries and under-secretaries of the Governments of the Autonomous Regions
- Members of the Legislative Assemblies of Autonomous Regions
- The Commandant-general of the National Republican Guard and the National Director of the Public Security Police
- Secretaries-general of the Presidency of the Republic, of the Assembly of the Republic, of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers and of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- The Chief of Protocol
- Presidents of intermediate level courts (Relação), Presidents of the Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities and of the Coordinator Council of the Polytechnics, leaders of the Bar Associations and Presidents of professional associations of public law
- Presidents of the Portuguese Academy of History and the Lisbon Academy of Sciences, Rectors of universities and Presidents of Polytechnics
- Members of the councils of the Honorific Orders of Portugal
- Judges of intermediate level courts and deputies attorneys-general, vice-rectors of universities and vice-presidents of polytechnics
- Presidents of the municipal councils (Mayors)
- Presidents of the municipal assemblies
- Civil governors of districts
- Chiefs of Staff of the President of the Republic, President of the Assembly of the Republic, and Prime Minister
- Presidents, members and secretaries-general of councils, national councils, superior councils, oversight councils, national commissions, high authorities, high commissioners, oversight committees, by order of seniority of the respective institution, directors-general and presidents of public institutions, by order of their respective ministries, the head of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia, and the President of the Portuguese Red Cross
- Admirals and general officers with command functions, by order of military rank, operational commanders and commanders of military zone, maritime zone, and air zone, of the Autonomous Regions of Azores and Madeira
- Directors of the National Defense Institute and the Joint Command and Staff College, commanders of the Military Academy, Naval School, and Air Force Academy, admirals and general officers of 3 and 2 stars
- Chiefs of staff of members of government
- Deputies directors-general and regional directors
- Judges and attorneys-general
- Aldermans (vereadores) of municipal councils
- Aides of the President of the Republic, of the President of the Assembly of the Republic, and of the Prime Minister
- Presidents of Civil Parishes
- Members of municipal assemblies
- Presidents of parish assemblies and members of civil parishes and parish assemblies
- Directors of service
- Chiefs of division
- Aides of members of government
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