Related Research Articles
In aphasia, a person may be unable to comprehend or unable to formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions. The major causes are stroke and head trauma; prevalence is hard to determine but aphasia due to stroke is estimated to be 0.1–0.4% in the Global North. Aphasia can also be the result of brain tumors, epilepsy, autoimmune neurological diseases, brain infections, or neurodegenerative diseases.
Jean Berko Gleason is an American psycholinguist and professor emerita in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Boston University who has made fundamental contributions to the understanding of language acquisition in children, aphasia, gender differences in language development, and parent–child interactions.
Neurolinguistics is the study of neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language. As an interdisciplinary field, neurolinguistics draws methods and theories from fields such as neuroscience, linguistics, cognitive science, communication disorders and neuropsychology. Researchers are drawn to the field from a variety of backgrounds, bringing along a variety of experimental techniques as well as widely varying theoretical perspectives. Much work in neurolinguistics is informed by models in psycholinguistics and theoretical linguistics, and is focused on investigating how the brain can implement the processes that theoretical and psycholinguistics propose are necessary in producing and comprehending language. Neurolinguists study the physiological mechanisms by which the brain processes information related to language, and evaluate linguistic and psycholinguistic theories, using aphasiology, brain imaging, electrophysiology, and computer modeling.
Anomic aphasia is a mild, fluent type of aphasia where individuals have word retrieval failures and cannot express the words they want to say. By contrast, anomia is a deficit of expressive language, and a symptom of all forms of aphasia, but patients whose primary deficit is word retrieval are diagnosed with anomic aphasia. Individuals with aphasia who display anomia can often describe an object in detail and maybe even use hand gestures to demonstrate how the object is used, but cannot find the appropriate word to name the object. Patients with anomic aphasia have relatively preserved speech fluency, repetition, comprehension, and grammatical speech.
Neuropsychological tests are specifically designed tasks that are used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway. Tests are used for research into brain function and in a clinical setting for the diagnosis of deficits. They usually involve the systematic administration of clearly defined procedures in a formal environment. Neuropsychological tests are typically administered to a single person working with an examiner in a quiet office environment, free from distractions. As such, it can be argued that neuropsychological tests at times offer an estimate of a person's peak level of cognitive performance. Neuropsychological tests are a core component of the process of conducting neuropsychological assessment, along with personal, interpersonal and contextual factors.
Alexander Romanovich Luria was a Soviet neuropsychologist, often credited as a father of modern neuropsychology. He developed an extensive and original battery of neuropsychological tests during his clinical work with brain-injured victims of World War II, which are still used in various forms. He made an in-depth analysis of the functioning of various brain regions and integrative processes of the brain in general. Luria's magnum opus, Higher Cortical Functions in Man (1962), is a much-used psychological textbook which has been translated into many languages and which he supplemented with The Working Brain in 1973.
Wernicke's area, also called Wernicke's speech area, is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex that are linked to speech, the other being Broca's area. It is involved in the comprehension of written and spoken language, in contrast to Broca's area, which is primarily involved in the production of language. It is traditionally thought to reside in Brodmann area 22, which is located in the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant cerebral hemisphere, which is the left hemisphere in about 95% of right-handed individuals and 70% of left-handed individuals.
Edith F. Kaplan was an American psychologist. She was a pioneer of neuropsychological tests and did most of her work at the Boston VA Hospital. Kaplan is known for her promotion of clinical neuropsychology as a specialty area in psychology. She examined brain-behavioral relationships in aphasia, apraxia, developmental issues in clinical neuropsychology, as well as normal and abnormal aging. Kaplan helped develop a new method of assessing brain function with neuropsychological assessment, called "The Boston Process Approach."
Language attrition is the process of decreasing proficiency in or losing a language. For first or native language attrition, this process is generally caused by both isolation from speakers of the first language ("L1") and the acquisition and use of a second language ("L2"), which interferes with the correct production and comprehension of the first. Such interference from a second language is likely experienced to some extent by all bilinguals, but is most evident among speakers for whom a language other than their first has started to play an important, if not dominant, role in everyday life; these speakers are more likely to experience language attrition. It is common among immigrants that travel to countries where languages foreign to them are used. Second language attrition can occur from poor learning, practice, and retention of the language after time has passed from learning. This often occurs with bilingual speakers who do not frequently engage with their L2.
Aditi Lahiri is an Indian-born British linguist and Professor emerita of Linguistics at the University of Oxford. She held the Chair of Linguistics at the University of Oxford from 2007 until her retirement in 2022; she was a Fellow of Somerville College, Oxford. Her main research interests are in phonology, phonetics, historical linguistics, psycholinguistics, and neurolinguistics.
Lise Menn is an American linguist who specializes in psycholinguistics, including the study of language acquisition and aphasia.
Eleanor M. Saffran, an American neuroscientist, was a researcher in the field of Cognitive Neuropsychology. Her interest in Neuropsychology began at the Baltimore City hospitals of Johns Hopkins University, where her research unit focused on neurological patients with language or cognitive impairments. In papers published between 1976 and 1982, Dr. Saffran spelled out the methodological tenets of “cognitive neuropsychology” exemplified in her studies of aphasia, alexia, auditory verbal agnosia, and short-term memory impairment.
Neuroscience of multilingualism is the study of multilingualism within the field of neurology. These studies include the representation of different language systems in the brain, the effects of multilingualism on the brain's structural plasticity, aphasia in multilingual individuals, and bimodal bilinguals. Neurological studies of multilingualism are carried out with functional neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and through observation of people who have suffered brain damage.
In psychology, logorrhea or logorrhoea is a communication disorder that causes excessive wordiness and repetitiveness, which can cause incoherency. Logorrhea is sometimes classified as a mental illness, though it is more commonly classified as a symptom of mental illness or brain injury. This ailment is often reported as a symptom of Wernicke's aphasia, where damage to the language processing center of the brain creates difficulty in self-centered speech.
The Boston Naming Test (BNT), introduced in 1983 by Edith Kaplan, Harold Goodglass and Sandra Weintraub, is a widely used neuropsychological assessment tool to measure confrontational word retrieval in individuals with aphasia or other language disturbance caused by stroke, Alzheimer's disease, or other dementing disorder. A common and debilitating feature is anomic aphasia, an impairment in the ability to name objects. The BNT contains 60 line drawings graded in difficulty. Patients with anomia often have greater difficulties with the naming of not only difficult and low frequency objects but also easy and high frequency objects. Naming difficulties may be rank ordered along a continuum. Items are rank ordered in terms of their ability to be named, which is correlated with their frequency. This type of picture-naming test is also useful in the examination of children with learning disabilities and the evaluation of brain-injured adults.
Viorica Marian is a Moldovan-born American psycholinguist, cognitive scientist, and psychologist known for her research on bilingualism and multilingualism. She is the Ralph and Jean Sundin Endowed Professor of Communication Sciences and Disorders, and professor of psychology at Northwestern University. Marian is the principal investigator of the Bilingualism and Psycholinguistics Research Group. She received her PhD in psychology from Cornell University, and master's degrees from Emory University and from Cornell University. Marian studies language, cognition, the brain, and the consequences of knowing more than one language for linguistic, cognitive, and neural architectures.
Alfredo Ardila was a Colombian neuropsychologist. He graduated as a psychologist from the National University of Colombia and received a doctoral degree in neuropsychology from the Moscow State University where he worked with Alexander R. Luria. He published in cognitive and behavioral neurosciences, especially in neuropsychology. His research interests included brain organization of cognition, the historical origin of human cognition, aphasia, and bilingualism.
Randi Martin is the Elma Schneider Professor of Psychology at Rice University and Director of the T. L. L. Temple Foundation Neuroplasticity Research Laboratory. With Suparna Rajaram and Judith Kroll, Martin co-founded Women in Cognitive Science in 2001, an organization supported in part through the National Science Foundation's ADVANCE Leadership program. She is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and the Society of Experimental Psychologists (SEP).
Ofelia García (Otheguy) is Professor Emerita in the Ph.D. programs of Latin American, Iberian, and Latino Cultures (LAILAC) and Urban Education at Graduate Center of the City University of New York. She is best known for her work on bilingualism, translanguaging, language policy, sociolinguistics, and sociology of language. Her work emphasizes dynamic multilingualism, which is developed through "an interplay between the individual’s linguistic resources and competences as well as the social and linguistic contexts she/he is a part of." Rather than viewing a bilingual's languages as autonomous, García views language practices as complex and interrelated, as reflecting a single linguistic system.
Nancy Helm-Estabrooks is an emeritus professor at Western Carolina University where she was the first Brewer Smith Distinguished Professor. She is known for her work on persons with aphasia and acquired cognitive-communication disorders.
References
- ↑ "Loraine Obler". www.wikidata.org. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
- ↑ Leland, John (2012-03-09). "Adventures of a Teenage Polyglot". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2023-11-19.
- ↑ Thurman, Judith (2018-08-27). "The Mystery of People Who Speak Dozens of Languages". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X . Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- 1 2 Albert, Martin L.; Obler, Loraine K. (1978). The bilingual brain: neuropsychological and neurolinguistic aspects of bilingualism. Perspectives in neurolinguistics and psycholinguistics. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-048750-9.
- ↑ Obler, Loraine K.; Albert, Martin L. (1981). "Language and Aging: A Neurobehavioral Analysis". In Beasley, Daniel S.; Davis, George Albyn (eds.). Aging, Communication Processes and Disorders. Grune & Stratton. pp. 107–121. ISBN 978-0-8089-1281-1.
- ↑ Menn, Lise, ed. (1990). Agrammatic aphasia: a cross-language narrative sourcebook. Amsterdam: Benjamins. ISBN 978-90-272-2045-5.
- 1 2 3 4 "Science Faculty Spotlight: Loraine K. Obler". www.gc.cuny.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
- 1 2 3 "Obler, Loraine K." www.gc.cuny.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-14.
- ↑ Society for the Pchology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. "Fellow Directory".
- ↑ Goral, Mira; Lerman, Aviva (2023-10-20). Advances in the Neurolinguistic Study of Multilingual and Monolingual Adults: In honor of Professor Loraine K. Obler. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-98735-5.
- ↑ Obler, Loraine Katherine (1975). Reflexes of the Classical Arabic 'Say'un' 'Thing' in the Modern Dialects: a Study in Patterns of Language Change (Thesis). hdl:2027.42/157452. OCLC 68284963. ProQuest 302784060.[ page needed ]
- ↑ "Learning about learning languages: An interview with Lorraine K. Obler | Unravel Magazine". Unravel. 2016-04-14. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
- ↑ "Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences". www.gc.cuny.edu. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
- ↑ "The Graduate Center, The City University of New York | Fulbright Scholar Program". fulbrightscholars.org. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
- ↑ Prof. Loraine Obler - The Graduate Center CUNY & Hadassah Academic College , retrieved 2023-11-20
- ↑ Newcombe, F. (1980). "The bilingual brain — Neuropsychological and neurolinguistic aspects of bilingualism". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 44 (2–3): 303. doi:10.1016/0022-510X(80)90140-9.
- ↑ Obler, Loraine K.; Albert, Martin L., eds. (1980). Language and communication in the elderly: clinical, therapeutic, and experimental issues. The Boston University series in gerontology. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-669-03868-2.
- ↑ Wolf, Maryanne (June 1983). "Language and communication in the elderly. Loraine K. Obler & Martin L. Albert (Eds.). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1980. Pp xii + 220". Applied Psycholinguistics. 4 (2): 161–165. doi:10.1017/S0142716400004409. S2CID 145585928.
- ↑ Hyltenstam, Kenneth; Obler, Loraine K., eds. (1999). Bilingualism across the lifespan: aspects of acquisition, maturity, and loss (Reprinted, digital printing ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35998-6.
- ↑ Hakuta, K. (September 1991). "Reviews". Applied Linguistics. 12 (3): 337–339. doi:10.1093/applin/12.3.337.
- ↑ "NIH RePORTER Language in the Aging Brain Project Number 5R01AG014345-12". reporter.nih.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
- ↑ "NSF Award Search: Award # 7914139 - A Symposium: Exceptional Language and Linguistic Theory-- December 1979, Los Angeles, Ca". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
