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Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States,serving from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. He led the United States through the American Civil War,defending the nation as a constitutional union,defeating the Confederacy,playing a major role in the abolition of slavery,expanding the power of the federal government,and modernizing the U.S. economy.
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held as one of the most influential scientists. Best known for developing the theory of relativity,Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2,which arises from special relativity,has been called "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics,and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect",a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory.
The American Revolutionary War,also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence,was an armed conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution,in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army. The conflict was fought in North America,the Caribbean,and the Atlantic Ocean. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris (1783),which resulted in Great Britain ultimately recognizing the independence and sovereignty of the United States.
Benjamin Franklin was an American polymath:a leading writer,scientist,inventor,statesman,diplomat,printer,publisher and political philosopher. Among the most influential intellectuals of his time,Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States;a drafter and signer of the Declaration of Independence;and the first postmaster general.
Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs,opening the way for the widespread European exploration and colonization of the Americas. His expeditions were the first known European contact with the Caribbean and Central and South America.
Dwight David Eisenhower was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II,he was Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe and achieved the five-star rank as General of the Army. Eisenhower planned and supervised two of the most consequential military campaigns of World War II:Operation Torch in the North Africa campaign in 1942–1943 and the invasion of Normandy in 1944.
Edgar Allan Poe was an American writer,poet,editor,and literary critic who is best known for his poetry and short stories,particularly his tales involving mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as one of the central figures of Romanticism and Gothic fiction in the United States,and of early American literature. Poe was one of the country's first successful practitioners of the short story,and is generally considered to be the inventor of the detective fiction genre. In addition,he is credited with contributing significantly to the emergence of science fiction. He is the first well-known American writer to earn a living by writing alone,which resulted in a financially difficult life and career.
George Washington was a Founding Father of the United States,military officer,and farmer who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Second Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army in 1775,Washington led Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War and then served as president of the Constitutional Convention in 1787,which drafted the current Constitution of the United States. Washington has thus become commonly known as the "Father of his Country".
Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister,activist,and political philosopher who was one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. King advanced civil rights for people of color in the United States through the use of nonviolent resistance and nonviolent civil disobedience against Jim Crow laws and other forms of legalized discrimination.
Malcolm X was an African American revolutionary,Muslim minister and human rights activist who was a prominent figure during the civil rights movement until his assassination in 1965. A spokesman for the Nation of Islam (NOI) until 1964,he was a vocal advocate for Black empowerment and the promotion of Islam within the African American community. A controversial figure accused of preaching violence,Malcolm X is also a widely celebrated figure within African American and Muslim communities for his pursuit of racial justice.
Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. A member of the Republican Party,he became an important figure in the American conservative movement,and his presidency is known as the Reagan era.
Thomas Jefferson was an American statesman,planter,diplomat,lawyer,architect,philosopher,and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. He was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. Following the American Revolutionary War and before becoming president in 1801,Jefferson was the nation's first U.S. secretary of state under George Washington and then the nation's second vice president under John Adams. Jefferson was a leading proponent of democracy,republicanism,and natural rights,and he produced formative documents and decisions at the state,national,and international levels.
Thomas Woodrow Wilson was the 28th president of the United States,serving from 1913 to 1921. He was a progressive Democrat who previously served as the governor of New Jersey from 1911 to 1913 and as the president of Princeton University from 1902 to 1910. As president,Wilson changed the nation's economic policies and led the United States into World War I. He was the leading architect of the League of Nations,and his progressive stance on foreign policy came to be known as Wilsonianism.
Alexander Hamilton was an American military officer,statesman,and Founding Father who served as the first U.S. secretary of the treasury from 1789 to 1795 during George Washington's presidency.
Ansel Easton Adams was an American landscape photographer and environmentalist known for his black-and-white images of the American West. He helped found Group f/64,an association of photographers advocating "pure" photography which favored sharp focus and the use of the full tonal range of a photograph. He and Fred Archer developed a system of image-making called the Zone System,a method of achieving a desired final print through a technical understanding of how the tonal range of an image is the result of choices made in exposure,negative development,and printing.
Samuel Langhorne Clemens,known by the pen name Mark Twain,was an American writer,humorist,and essayist. He was praised as the "greatest humorist the United States has produced," with William Faulkner calling him "the father of American literature." Twain's novels include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel,Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884),with the latter often called the "Great American Novel." He also wrote A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) and Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894),and co-wrote The Gilded Age:A Tale of Today (1873) with Charles Dudley Warner.
Alfred Emanuel Smith was an American politician who served four terms as the 42nd governor of New York and was the Democratic Party's presidential nominee in 1928.
Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from 1974 to 1977. He previously served as the leader of the Republican Party in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1965 to 1973,and as the 40th vice president under President Richard Nixon from 1973 to 1974. Ford succeeded to the presidency when Nixon resigned in 1974,but was defeated for election to a full term in 1976. Ford remains the only person to serve as president without winning an election for president or vice president.
John Fitzgerald Kennedy,often referred to as JFK,was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. He was the youngest person elected president. Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War,and the majority of his foreign policy concerned relations with the Soviet Union and Cuba. A Democrat,Kennedy represented Massachusetts in both houses of the United States Congress prior to his presidency.
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