Luiz Gonzaga Dam

Luiz Gonzaga Dam
Luiz Gonzaga Dam
	NASA image of Luiz Gonzaga (Itaparica) Reservoir in 2001, dam at bottom left
	Location of Luiz Gonzaga Dam in Brazil
Official name	Hidroelétrica de Luiz Gonzaga
Location	Petrolândia, Pernambuco, Brazil
Coordinates	9°8′38″S38°18′48″W / 9.14389°S 38.31333°W Coordinates: 9°8′38″S38°18′48″W / 9.14389°S 38.31333°W
Construction began	1979
Opening date	1988
Owner(s)	CHESF
Dam and spillways
Type of dam	Embankment, earth and rock-fill
Impounds	São Francisco River
Height	105 m (344 ft)
Length	4,700 m (15,400 ft)
Width (crest)	10 m (33 ft)
Spillway type	Service, gate-controlled
Reservoir
Creates	Luiz Gonzaga Reservoir
Total capacity	10.7 km3 (8,700,000 acre⋅ft)
Catchment area	630,000 km2 (240,000 sq mi)
Surface area	830 km2 (320 sq mi)
Power Station
Commission date	1988-1990
Turbines	6 x 246.6 MW (330,700 hp) Francis turbines
Installed capacity	1,479 MW (1,983,000 hp) MW

Last updated April 20, 2019

The Luiz Gonzaga Dam, formerly known as the Itaparica Dam, is a rock-fill embankment dam on the São Francisco River 25 kilometres (16 mi) downstream of Petrolândia in Pernambuco, Brazil. The dam was built for navigation, and hydroelectric power generation as it supports a 1,479 megawatts (1,983,000 hp) power station. It was constructed between 1979 and 1988; the last of its generators was commissioned in 1990.

An embankment dam is a large artificial dam. It is typically created by the placement and compaction of a complex semi-plastic mound of various compositions of soil, sand, clay, or rock. It has a semi-pervious waterproof natural covering for its surface and a dense, impervious core. This makes such a dam impervious to surface or seepage erosion. Such a dam is composed of fragmented independent material particles. The friction and interaction of particles binds the particles together into a stable mass rather than by the use of a cementing substance.

The São Francisco River or Rio São Francisco is a river in Brazil. With a length of 2,914 kilometres (1,811 mi), it is the longest river that runs entirely in Brazilian territory, and the fourth longest in South America and overall in Brazil. It used to be known as the Opara by the indigenous people before colonisation, and is today also known as Velho Chico.

Petrolândia is a municipality in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. It is in the São Francisco Region. Petrolândia has a total area of 1056.6 square kilometers and had an estimated population of 32.568 inhabitants in 2009 according to the IBGE. It has one of the largest GDP per capita of Sertão due to the location of one hydroelectric power plant, property of CHESF.

Luiz Gonzaga do Nascimento, Sr., "The King of Baião" or "Gonzagão" was a Brazilian singer, songwriter, musician and poet and one of the most influential figures of Brazilian popular music in the twentieth century. He has been credited for having presented the rich universe of Northeastern musical genres to all of Brazil, having created the musical genre baião and has been called a "revolutionary" by Antônio Carlos Jobim. According to Caetano Veloso, he was the first significant cultural event with mass appeal in Brazil. Luiz Gonzaga received the Shell prize for Brazilian Popular Music in 1984 and was only the fourth artist to receive this prize after Pixinguinha, Antônio Carlos Jobim and Dorival Caymmi. The Luiz Gonzaga Dam was named in his honor.

The baião is a Northeast Brazilian rhythmic formula that became the basis of a wide range of music. Forró and coco are clear examples. The main baião instrument is the zabumba, a flat, double-headed bass drum played with a mallet in one hand and stick in the other, each striking the opposite head of the drum.

Dam

The Luiz Gonzaga Dam is a 4,700-metre (15,400 ft) long and 105-metre (344 ft) high rock and earth-fill embankment dam. The contains a 720-metre (2,360 ft) concrete section that supports the power plants and spillway of which contains nine floodgates. The maximum level of the reservoir is 305.4 metres (1,002 ft) above sea level while the dam reaches a maximum height of 308.1 metres (1,011 ft).^[1]^[4]

A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of flows from a dam or levee into a downstream area, typically the riverbed of the dammed river itself. In the United Kingdom, they may be known as overflow channels. Spillways ensure that the water does not overflow and damage or destroy the dam.

Floodgates, also called stop gates, are adjustable gates used to control water flow in flood barriers, reservoir, river, stream, or levee systems. They may be designed to set spillway crest heights in dams, to adjust flow rates in sluices and canals, or they may be designed to stop water flow entirely as part of a levee or storm surge system. Since most of these devices operate by controlling the water surface elevation being stored or routed, they are also known as crest gates. In the case of flood bypass systems, floodgates sometimes are also used to lower the water levels in a main river or canal channels by allowing more water to flow into a flood bypass or detention basin when the main river or canal is approaching a flood stage.

Power plant

The dam supports a 310-metre (1,020 ft) long and 54.6-metre (179 ft) wide hydroelectric power station. The station contains six SíncronoVertical Francis turbines within generators that have an installed capacity of 246.6 megawatts (330,700 hp) each, totaling 1,479 MW. The first generator was commissioned on June 13, 1988, another later that year, three more were commissioned in 1989 and the final generator went online on February 13, 1990. Three of the generators were manufactured by Gie and the other three along with three of the turbines by Siemens. Voith manufactured the three remaining turbines.^[1]

The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James B. Francis in Lowell, Massachusetts. It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts.

Siemens AG (Aktiengesellschaft) is a German multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Berlin and Munich and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe with branch offices abroad.

The Voith Group, which is headquartered in Germany, is a family-owned multinational corporation in the mechanical engineering sector as well as the automation and IIoT business with worldwide operations.

Involuntary relocation controversy

Before construction on the dam began in July 1979, the involuntary relocation of 40,000 people - 10,000 from urban and 30,000 from rural areas, mostly indigenous Tuxá - from the future reservoir area began. Those being relocated protested the dam and formed Polosindical because of farmland loss, subsequent unemployment and hunger along with previous relocation difficulties associated with the upstream Sobradinho Dam in the 1970s. In 1986, CHESF, the builders of the dam, agreed to construct irrigation facilities.^[5]^[6] The World Bank had described CHESF's relocation plan as flawed and financed a $500 million resettlement program if certain criteria were met. The World Bank estimates that each family will cost $60,000 and the construction of irrigation facilities is slowly progressing.^[7]

The Sobradinho Dam is a large hydroelectric dam built on the São Francisco River in Sobradinho, in the state of Bahia of Brazil. Completed in 1982, the dam generates power by utilizing six 175 megawatts (235,000 hp) Francis turbine-generators, totalling the installed capacity to 1,050 megawatts (1,410,000 hp).

The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital projects. It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and the International Development Association (IDA). The World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group.

Related Research Articles

The Eildon Dam or Eildon Weir, a rock and earth-fill embankment dam with a controlled spillway across the Goulburn River, is located between the regional towns of Mansfield and Eildon within Lake Eildon National Park, in the Alpine region of Victoria, Australia. The dam's purpose is for the supply of potable water, irrigation, and the generation of hydroelectricity. The impounded reservoir is called Lake Eildon.

The Xingó Dam is a concrete face rock-fill dam on the São Francisco River on the border of Alagoas and Sergipe, near Piranhas, Brazil. The dam was built for navigation, water supply and hydroelectric power generation as it supports a 3,162 megawatts (4,240,000 hp) power station. It was constructed between 1987 and 1994 and the last of its generators was commissioned in 1997. In Portuguese, the dam is called the Usina Hidrelétrica de Xingó.

The Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Complex, also known as the Paulo Afonso Complex, is a system of three dams and five hydroelectric power plants on the São Francisco River near the city of Paulo Afonso in Bahia, Brazil. The complex exploits an 80-metre (260 ft) natural gap on the river, known as the Paulo Afonso Falls. Constructed in succession between 1948 and 1979, the dams support the Paulo Afonso I, II, III, IV and Apollonius Sales (Moxotó) power plants which contain a total of 23 generators with an installed capacity of 4,279.6 megawatts (5,739,000 hp).

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References

1 2 3 "Description of Utilization of Luiz Gonzaga". CHESF . Retrieved 9 September 2010.
↑ "Luiz Gonzaga". BBC Music. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
↑ "A Dance For All". Municipality of Recife - Brazil. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
↑ "Hydroelectric Plants in Brazil - other states". Indust Cards. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
↑ Horgan, John (April 1999). "The Itaparica Dam Project in north-eastern Brazil: models and reality" (PDF). FORCED MIGRATION review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
↑ "Regional Consultations São Paulo, Brazil". Dams.org. Archived from the original on 2010-06-13. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
↑ "World Bank Approaches to the Environment in Brazil". World Bank. Retrieved 9 September 2010.

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[CHESF-1] 1 2 3 "Description of Utilization of Luiz Gonzaga". CHESF . Retrieved 9 September 2010.

[2] "Luiz Gonzaga". BBC Music. Retrieved 9 September 2010.

[3] "A Dance For All". Municipality of Recife - Brazil. Retrieved 9 September 2010.

[4] "Hydroelectric Plants in Brazil - other states". Indust Cards. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2010.

[5] Horgan, John (April 1999). "The Itaparica Dam Project in north-eastern Brazil: models and reality" (PDF). FORCED MIGRATION review. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 9 September 2010.

[6] "Regional Consultations São Paulo, Brazil". Dams.org. Archived from the original on 2010-06-13. Retrieved 9 September 2010.

[7] "World Bank Approaches to the Environment in Brazil". World Bank. Retrieved 9 September 2010.

Luiz Gonzaga Dam

Contents

Dam

Power plant

Involuntary relocation controversy

See also

Related Research Articles

References