MAA-1 Piranha

Last updated
MAA-1 Piranha
MAA-1A seeker head.jpg
MAA-1A
TypeShort-range air-to-air missile
Place of origin Brazil
Service history
Used by Brazilian Air Force
Brazilian Navy
Colombian Air Force
Indonesian Air Force
Pakistan Air Force
Production history
Manufacturer Mectron
Unit costU$ 29.000
Specifications
Mass194 lb (88,0 kg)
Length114,16 in (2 900 mm)
Diameter6 in (152 mm)
Wingspan27 in (661 mm)
Detonation
mechanism
Laser proximity fuse

Engine Solid-fuel rocket
Propellant Solid fuel
Guidance
system
Infrared homing
Launch
platform
Aircraft

The MAA-1 Piranha [1] is a short-range infrared homing missile and the first air-to-air missile developed by Brazil for its Air Force and Navy. It was designed to replace the AIM-9 Sidewinder missile in Brazilian service and has since been exported to Colombia, Indonesia and Pakistan.

Contents

History

Development of an air-to-air missile to replace the AIM-9B Sidewinder in FAB service began in March 1976 by Brazil's Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço (IAE). By 1978 it had been defined as a weapon similar in capability to the AIM-9G. The project was classified until 1981. The pace of the project was quickened after the 1982 Falklands war and the missile was dubbed Piranha. Contracts were awarded to DF Vasconcellos SA, a Brazilian company with experience in optics and guided weaponry which was given the task of developing the weapon's infra-red seeker. However the company went bankrupt in the mid-1980s and it abandoned the Piranha project in 1986. [2]

Piranha achieved some degree of operational capability in September 1992. It has been assumed that the missile achieved initial operational capability in 1993 coinciding with the last test campaign. The MAA-1 project has been handled by many Brazilian companies since its inception in the 1970s, but ultimately Mectron developed the MAA-1 missile weapon system in the 1990s.

In 2005 a South African Skua high-speed target drone was used in final testing of the MAA-1 in order to simulate an aircraft by towing infrared targets at high speed. [3]

Design

The MAA-1 Piranha is a supersonic, short-range air-to-air missile relying on infrared passive guidance that senses the heat emissions coming primarily from a target aircraft's engines. It is highly maneuverable and can turn at accelerations of up to 50g. The Piranha is a 'fire and forget' missile: once launched it does not require data from the firing aircraft; a laser fuze detonates the high-explosive warhead. The missile is suitable for tactical aerial "dogfight" combat.

During the 1990s Mectron conducted Piranha missile test firings on the AT-26 Xavante, F-5 and Mirage III aircraft. The missile was qualified for operation on the Brazilian Air Force (FAB) F-5E in September 1992. Missile production began in 1993y. The Piranha air-to-air missile has also been integrated into Brazilian AMX tactical attack aircraft, and could be integrated into many other aircraft used by the Brazilian Air Force, Army and Navy in the near future.

The MAA-1 Piranha can be fired by the F-103E IIIEBR (Mirage III), F-5E Tiger II, A-1 AMX, A-29 Super Tucano, AT-26 Xavante (tests) and possibly the AF-1 Hawks Navy and the "new" FAB Mirage 2000C.

The missile uses a Mectron "passive infrared seeker all-aspect" sensor, similar to the U.S. AIM-9L.

The technical specifications of the manufacturer advises that the missile is able to "pull" to 50 G's (capacity of the cell), has an infrared detector InSb scan cone-cooled gas, with scanning speed 35° and view angle of 37°. The G-load is more indicative of the strength of the cell as the missile does not have a narrow turning radius. To achieve a turning radius that would create a 50-G load would require a sophisticated digital autopilot and would only be possible when the rocket motor is burning.

The target may acquired in standalone mode or allocated by the radar, HUD or crosshairs on the helmet (which means some off-boresight capacity). Radar acquisition of the target is particularly useful when visibility is low, as at night.

The CTA data indicate maximum g-load of 45 g's, a turning speed at or above 20 degrees per second and maximum angle of screening more than 30 degrees. Another source says that the CTA is also developing an infrared sensor capable of trapping front for future versions. This means that the missile is not "all-aspect" and can only engage targets when fired towards the rear of the aircraft. This data may refer to older models.

The warhead is a blast fragmentation type with HMX explosives and weighs 12 kg (20 kg in the original model). A proximity fuze is laser-active timer with fuze and impact.

The rocket motor has a burn time of 2.1 seconds, a maximum thrust of 27,000 newtons and can accelerate the Piranha missile up to Mach 2. The motor uses a smokeless propellant. The theoretical range is 8–10 km (4–6 km in early versions from the 70's and 80's). The mission time is 40 seconds.

Navigation is by proportional navigation with pneumatic actuator and "canards" for steering control. The scroll control and stabilization is by "rollerons" in stabilizers. The Piranha has achieved the design parameters of the first phase was to overcome the AIM-9B. In the second phase of the project the goal was to overcome the AIM-9E

MAA-1B

MAA-1B Piranha
TypeShort-range air-to-air missile
Place of originBrazil
Service history
Used by Brazilian Air Force
Brazilian Navy
Production history
Manufacturer Mectron
Unit cost$250-300k [4]
Produced2013- (scheduled) [5]
Specifications
Length2.738 metres (107.8 in) [5]
Wingspan0.64 metres (25 in) [5]
Detonation
mechanism
Laser proximity fuse

Engine Solid-fuel rocket
Operational
range
~12 km [6]
Guidance
system
Infrared homing
Launch
platform
Combat aircraft

While the MAA-1A Piranha is in service, [7] the MAA-1B Piranha is a 4th-generation air-to-air missile produced by Mectron under joint venture program with Airbus Defence and Space. [8] The project is at final stage of development under qualification phase, with over 40 guided flights completed by April 2012. Production was expected to begin in 2013. [5]

Development

The new missile will equip the Brazilian Air Force's F-5M, AMX A-1M and Super Tucano aircraft. [5]

The missile is fitted with a dual-color seeker, featuring 70-degree look angle with 40 degrees per second track rate, [5] and a 50% longer range, as well as maneuverability improvements achieved by changing the original missile's flight controls aerodynamics. The MAA-1B is capable of being appointed by the aircraft's radar or the HMD helmet.

Piranha missile

The Mectron / CTA / IAE / Avibras presented a new set of air-air missile MAA-1B (Bravo) during LAAD 2007. The missile uses the main structure of the fuselage, the warhead and proximity fuze and impact of the MAA-1A (Alpha), the rest being completely new. The new dual-band sensor (UV and IR) has 80% of nationalization, with great capability against countermeasures, high off-boresight capability (up to 90 degrees) with a very high speed browser and can be pointed at the target by radar at the pilot's helmet or perform autonomous search. The autopilot is programmed to monitor the type "lag pursuit" in a frontal engagement similar to the Python-4.

The canard configuration is of type double, composed of four fixed canards, followed by four mobile canards and two fins to control longitudinal spin. The withdrawal of rollerons suggests that the missile has a digital autopilot system that is necessary for high-speed missiles. The actuator has twice the power of the actuators of the Alpha model and can pull 60 g's. The engine will have new propellant "smokeless" increased the range up to 50% with boost from two stages that burn for six seconds instead of two seconds of the MAA-1A Piranha. The pilot can choose the type of mode of operation according to the threat, optimizing performance for each target. The length and diameter were kept, but the weight increased a little. The software will be different for the F-5em not perceive it as being a MOR-1A and not enjoy its full capacity. The infrared thermographic camera sensor of Indium antimonide and lead telluride has six elements with large search range. The missile can be considered the Fourth Generation, regarded by experts as superior to the Russian R-73 but less than the Israeli Python IV, with much lower price than similar ones on the market. The estimated cost is $250–300 thousand.

The period of development was much faster in the light of lessons learned from the MAA-1A Piranha. The project was started in 2005 with the pre-series production is planned for the second half of 2008, with testing and approval by the end of 2008. The operation is scheduled for 2009. Project MAA-1B received a budget of $3 million in 2006. Also in 2006 was completed the eighth stage of the project (11 in total). The conclusion of the eleventh phase is expected for October 2008.

In November 2008, three ground firing trial were conducted at Avibras facility, the tests were part of the stage of proof requirements and were successful. The improvement of the propulsion system of the missile is being conducted jointly by the IAE (Institute of Aeronautics and Space), and Mectron, Avibrás. [9]

Operators

Map with MAA-1 operators in blue MAA-1 operators.png
Map with MAA-1 operators in blue

Current operators

Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan

See also

Similar Weapons

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AGM-65 Maverick</span> American air-to-surface missile

The AGM-65 Maverick is an air-to-ground missile (AGM) designed for close air support. It is the most widely produced precision-guided missile in the Western world, and is effective against a wide range of tactical targets, including armor, air defenses, ships, ground transportation and fuel storage facilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rockwell B-1 Lancer</span> American strategic bomber by Rockwell International, later Boeing

The Rockwell B-1 Lancer is a supersonic variable-sweep wing, heavy bomber used by the United States Air Force. It has been nicknamed the "Bone". It is one of the Air Force's three strategic bombers, along with the B-2 Spirit and the B-52 Stratofortress, as of 2024. Its 75,000-pound payload is the heaviest of any U.S. bomber.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air-to-air missile</span> Missile fired from the air at airborne targets

An air-to-air missile (AAM) is a missile fired from an aircraft for the purpose of destroying another aircraft. AAMs are typically powered by one or more rocket motors, usually solid fueled but sometimes liquid fueled. Ramjet engines, as used on the Meteor, are emerging as propulsion that will enable future medium- to long-range missiles to maintain higher average speed across their engagement envelope.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AMX International AMX</span> Brazilian/Italian ground-attack aircraft

The AMX International AMX is a ground-attack aircraft jointly developed by Brazil and Italy. The AMX is designated A-11 Ghibli by the Italian Air Force and A-1 by the Brazilian Air Force. The Italian name, "Ghibli", is taken from the hot dry wind of the Libyan desert.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile</span> Small, lightweight, infrared homing surface-to-air missile

The RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) is a small, lightweight, infrared homing surface-to-air missile in use by the German, Japanese, Greek, Turkish, South Korean, Saudi Arabian, Egyptian, Mexican, UAE, and United States navies. It was originally intended and used primarily as a point-defense weapon against anti-ship missiles. As its name indicates, RAM rolls as it flies. The missile must roll during flight because the RF tracking system uses a two-antenna interferometer that can measure phase interference of the electromagnetic wave in one plane only. The rolling interferometer permits the antennas to look at all planes of incoming energy. In addition, because the missile rolls, only one pair of steering canards is required. As of 2005, it is the only U.S. Navy missile to operate in this manner.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sea Eagle (missile)</span> Anti-ship missile

The BAe Sea Eagle is a medium-weight sea-skimming anti-ship missile designed and built by BAe Dynamics. It is designed to sink or disable ships up to the size of aircraft carriers in the face of jamming and other countermeasures including decoys. Its users include the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy, the Royal Saudi Air Force, and the Indian Navy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">R.550 Magic</span> Short-range air-to-air missile

The R.550 Magic is a short-range air-to-air missile designed in 1965 by French company Matra to compete with the American AIM-9 Sidewinder, and it was made backwards compatible with the Sidewinder launch hardware.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Litening</span> Military aircraft sensor pod

The AN/AAQ-28(V) Litening targeting pod is an advanced precision targeting pod system currently operational with a wide variety of aircraft worldwide. The research and development of the Litening was first undertaken by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems' Missiles Division in Israel, with subsequent completion of Litening I for use in the Israeli Air Force.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crotale (missile)</span> Short-range anti-air missile

The Crotale is a French, all-weather, short-range surface-to-air missile system developed to intercept airborne ranged weapons and aircraft, from cruise or anti-ship missiles to helicopters, UAVs or low-flying high-performance fighter aircraft. It was developed by Thomson CSF Matra and consists of a mobile land-based variant as well as various naval ones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avibras</span> Brazilian defense industry company

Avibrás Indústria Aeroespacial, based in Jacareí, São José dos Campos, Brazil, is a diversified Brazilian company which designs, develops and manufactures defense products and services. Its range of products encompasses artillery and aircraft defense systems, rockets and missiles such as air-to-ground and surface-to-surface weapon systems, including artillery rocket systems; 70 mm air-to-ground systems and fiber optic multi-purpose guided missiles. It makes armoured vehicles as well. It also manufactures civilian transportation through a division called Tectran, telecommunications equipment, electronic industrial equipment (Powertronics), automotive painting and explosives. DefendTex of Australia with possibility to buy the brazilian Defence Company, with a debt of more than R$ 600 million or some € 80 million, in which R$ 14.5 million is debt with workers. Commonwealth Government won’t give DefendTex US$ 70 million to help buy Brazilian missile manufacturer buying it. Norinco is also interested in Avibrás, with 49 % stake, if DefendTex could not raise US$ 70 millions from Australian Government Credit to its acquisition and transfer advanced missile manufacturing capability from Brazil to Australia. Avibrás is supposed to be valued at US$ 200 million, laid off 420 employee, a third of its workforce in 2022, those who remained were not paid for more than a year. Its debt is estimated at R$ 570 million in 2022 and had ballooned to R$ 700 million in 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Department of Aerospace Science and Technology</span> Brazilian aerospace military research department

The Brazilian Department of Science and Aerospace Technology is the national military research center for aviation and space flight. It is subordinated to the Brazilian Air Force (FAB).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano</span> Light ground attack and training aircraft

The Embraer EMB 314 Super Tucano, also named ALX or A-29, is a Brazilian turboprop light attack aircraft designed and built by Embraer as a development of the Embraer EMB 312 Tucano. The A-29 Super Tucano carries a wide variety of weapons, including precision-guided munitions, and was designed to be a low-cost system operated in low-threat environments.

The V3E A-Darter is a modern short-range infrared homing air-to-air missile, featuring countermeasures resistance with a 180-degree look angle and 120-degrees per second track rate, developed by South Africa's Denel Dynamics and Brazil's Mectron, Avibras and Opto Eletrônica. It will equip the South African Air Force's Saab JAS 39 Gripen C/D and BAE Hawk 120, and the Brazilian Air Force's A-1M AMX, Northrop F-5BR and Gripen E/F. It was expected to be in production before the end of 2015. As of November 2022, no combat capable missiles had been produced.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AGM-176 Griffin</span> American-made air-to-surface and surface-to-surface guided missile

The AGM-176 Griffin is a lightweight, precision-guided munition developed by Raytheon. It can be launched from the ground or air as a rocket-powered missile or dropped from the air as a guided bomb. It carries a relatively small warhead, and was designed to be a precision low-collateral damage weapon for irregular warfare. It has been used in combat by the United States military during the War in Afghanistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AIM-9 Sidewinder</span> Short-range air-to-air missile

The AIM-9 Sidewinder is a short-range air-to-air missile. Entering service with the United States Navy in 1956 and the Air Force in 1964, the AIM-9 is one of the oldest, cheapest, and most successful air-to-air missiles. Its latest variants remain standard equipment in most Western-aligned air forces. The Soviet K-13, a reverse-engineered copy of the AIM-9B, was also widely adopted.

The MAR-1 is an air-to-surface (ASM) and surface-to-surface (SSM) anti-radiation missile (ARM) with GPS/INS capability under development by Brazil's Mectron and the Aerospace Technology and Science Department of the Brazilian Air Force. It is designed to suppress enemy air defenses (SEAD) by targeting surveillance radars and fire-control radars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MANSUP</span> Brazilian anti-ship missile

National Anti-Ship Missile also named AV-RE40 —previously known as MAN-1— is a Brazilian anti-ship missile developed by SIATT for the Brazilian Navy. The design aims to achieve performance similar to MBDA MM40 Exocet Block II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SMKB</span> Fixed target, precision strike

The SMKB (Smart-MK-Bomb) is a guidance kit that turns a standard Mk 82 (500 lbs) and Mk 83 (1.000 lbs) into a Precision-guided weapon, respectively called SMKB-82 and SMKB-83. The kit provides extended range up to 50 kilometres (27 nmi) and are guided by an integrated inertial guidance system coupled to three satellites networks, relying on wireless to handle the flow of data between the aircraft and the munition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TDU-12/B Skydart</span> Target rocket

The TDU-12/B Skydart was an unguided target rocket built by Curtiss-Wright for use by the United States Air Force. It was used operationally from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Future of the Brazilian Air Force</span>

The Brazilian Air Force has a large number of active and planned projects, under the modernization plans of the Brazilian Armed Forces, defined in the National Defense White Paper. From 2010, Brazil started a radical change in its military policy, aiming to consolidate itself as the major power of Latin America.

References

  1. "Odebrecht Defesa e Tecnologia" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  2. "MAA-1A Piranha 1, MAA-1B Piranha 2 (Brazil), Air-to-air missiles - Within visual range". Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2010.
  3. Campbell, Keith (13 May 2005). "Denel breaks into Brazilian market". Engineering News. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  4. "MAA-1 PIRANHA" (in Portuguese). sistemasdearmas.com.br. Retrieved: 13 January 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wall (2012), p. 79
  6. "Paquistão negocia míssil com empresa de São Paulo" (in Portuguese). Folha Online, 9 November 2009. Retrieved: 13 January 2012
  7. "High Precision Work". Odebrecth Informa Issue #176. Odebrecht. 14 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  8. Trimble (2011), p. 9
  9. "IAE faz ensaio do Missil MAA-1B" (in Portuguese). Brazilian Air Force. 7 November 2008. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  10. "Embraer avança na América Latina" (in Portuguese). 13 December 2006. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  11. "Embraer avança na América Latina" (in Portuguese). 13 December 2006. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  12. "Akankah Indonesia Produksi Super Tucano?" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  13. Iqbal, Saghir (2018). JF-17 Thunder: The Making of a Modern Cost-effective Multi-role Combat Aircraft. Saghir Iqbal. p. 106. ISBN   9781984055248.