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The empennage, also known as the tail or tail assembly, is a structure at the rear of an aircraft that provides stability during flight, in a way similar to the feathers on an arrow. The term derives from the French language verb empenner which means "to feather an arrow". Most aircraft feature an empennage incorporating vertical and horizontal stabilising surfaces which stabilise the flight dynamics of yaw and pitch, as well as housing control surfaces.
A vertical stabilizer or tail fin is the static part of the vertical tail of an aircraft. The term is commonly applied to the assembly of both this fixed surface and one or more movable rudders hinged to it. Their role is to provide control, stability and trim in yaw. It is part of the aircraft empennage, specifically of its stabilizers.
An aircraft stabilizer is an aerodynamic surface, typically including one or more movable control surfaces, that provides longitudinal (pitch) and/or directional (yaw) stability and control. A stabilizer can feature a fixed or adjustable structure on which any movable control surfaces are hinged, or it can itself be a fully movable surface such as a stabilator. Depending on the context, "stabilizer" may sometimes describe only the front part of the overall surface.
The Scaled Composites ARES is a demonstrator aircraft built by Scaled Composites. ARES is an acronym for Agile Responsive Effective Support.
The Stout Skycar is a series of four one-off American light aircraft of the 1930s.
The Praga E-210 was a four-seat, twin-engined touring aircraft built in Czechoslovakia in the late 1930s. It had an unusual pusher configuration. Its tail unit and undercarriage were modified significantly before World War II and after the war a more powerful version designated E-211 was flown.
The Aeronix Airelle is a tandem wing ultralight with twin engines in push-pull configuration, that was designed and built in France at the start of the millennium. It was intended to be homebuilt from kits, and a few prototypes were constructed, but development ended when the company went into receivership in 2006.
The Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.II was a biplane flying boat, designed by Claudius Dornier as a follow-on to his Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.I and built during 1914–1915 on the German side of Lake Constance. Initially this aircraft was powered by three engines mounted inside the hull driving three pusher propellers via gearboxes and shafts. The later version was powered by four engines in two push-pull nacelles mounted between the wings.
The Hirtenberg HV.15 was a twin-engine Austrian monoplane produced by Hirtenberg.
The Latécoère 225 was an unusual single seat canard microlight amphibian, with a swept wing, and of pusher configuration. It first flew in 1984 but was not put into production.
The EuroSport Crossover is an electrically powered two seat motor glider and ultralight aircraft designed and built in Portugal.
The WNF Wn 16 was an Austrian experimental aircraft built near the start of World War II to test a tricycle undercarriage.
The Goodhart Newbury Manflier was a two-place human-powered aircraft designed by Nicholas Goodhart. Its most notable feature was that the two pilots were placed in separate fuselages, spaced 70 ft apart.
The Malliga 2 human powered aircraft was the project of Horst Josef Malliga, and was developed from his Malliga 1 design.
The Wright MPA Mk 1 was the first of two human-powered aircraft designed and built by Peter Wright, an engineer from Melton Mowbray, England.
The Olympian ZB-1 was the first human-powered aircraft to have flown in the United States. It was designed, built, and flown by Joseph A. Zinno, of North Providence, Rhode Island. Zinno had previously been a USAF Lieutenant Colonel, and undertook the challenge of making a human-powered aircraft as a post-retirement project.
The Monarch A was a human-powered aircraft, designed and built by graduates and undergraduates of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with Professors Walter Hollister and Ed Crawley acting as Project Advisers. Professor Eugene Larrabee, who had been the adviser for the 1979 MIT Chrysalis HPA, also provided support.
The LP Dedal-2 human-powered aircraft was the project of Leon Polniak, a Franco-Polish engineer based in Kraków, Poland, and was a development of his earlier, unfinished, Dedal design. Dedal is Polish for Daedalus.
The Reluctant Phoenix is a British human-powered aircraft, designed and built in the 1960s by the British engineer Daniel Perkins. It was notable for being an inflatable delta-wing tailless design, and for being flown indoors.
The Halton Jupiter was a human-powered aircraft which established distance and duration records in the early 1970s.
References
- 1 2 Taylor, John W. R., ed. (1973). Jane's all the world's aircraft 1973-74. London: Jane's Yearbooks. p. 12. ISBN 0354001175 . Retrieved 15 April 2023.
- 1 2 Sherwin, Keith (1976). To fly like a bird: The story of man-powered aircraft. Folkestone, England: Bailey Brothers and Swinfen Limited. pp. 73–77. ISBN 0561002835.
- ↑ Wahl, Paul (March 1972). "Man-Powered Planes Get a New Lift". Popular Science. New York, NY: Popular Science Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 67–69, 148. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
- 1 2 Keimel, Reinhard (2003). Luftfahrzeugbau in Österreich von den anfängen bis zur gegenwart : Enzyklopädie (in German). Oberhaching, Germany: Aviatic-Verlag. p. 57. ISBN 3925505784.