List of human-powered aircraft

Last updated

This is a list of human-powered aircraft by date.

TypeimageCountryDateClassDesigner / builderNotes
Abhilasha HPA Netherlands2009Jesse van Kuijk
AeroVelo Atlas Canada2013HelicopterTodd Reichert; Cameron RobertsonWinner of Igor I. Sikorsky Human-Powered Helicopter Challenge with 64 s controlled flight, reaching 3.3 m above ground.
Airglow HPA UK1990John and Mark McIntyre
Bauer Bird USA1973BiplaneTed BauerBuilt by Bauer's eight-grade students at San Gabriel Academy. [1]
Betterfly UK2009David Barford950 m max. distance. Capable of 120° turn. Very stable and easy to fly
Bionic Bat USA1984 Paul MacCready Jr.Two Kremer speed challenges won, doing 1500 m in 163.28 seconds on 18 July 1984 and 143.08 seconds on 2 December 1984.
Bird Ornithopter UKOrnithopterBryn BirdTwo prototypes built, but no record of any flights.
Bliesner 1 to 3USA1978Wayne T. BliesnerUnsuccessful precursors to Bliesners more successful efforts. No. 3 crashed during towed-flight attempts.
Bliesner 4 USA1979Wayne T. Bliesner100 yards.
Bliesner 5 USA1980Wayne T. Bliesner1 mile, crashed during testing.
Bliesner 6 USA1980Wayne T. BliesnerA few hops, crashed during testing.
Bliesner 7 USA1981Wayne T. Bliesner300 yards.
Boffin-Coffin New Zealand1988Don WaltherProne pilot position; tandem wing; pusher propeller. Flight trials, commencing in 1987, were unsuccessful, eventually abandoned after persistent ground-handling damage and a violent gust of wind entering the hangar where the aircraft was stored.
Chyeranovskii BICh-18 USSR1937Only known to have been launched as a glider with the wing mechanism locked, but flown at least once with the wings operated by the pilot after a launch as a glider.
Cochkanoff HPA USSR1974Orest Cochkanoff
Cook Musfly UK1977David CookTwo-place weight-shift tailless HPA. Incomplete
Cranfield Vertigo UK1987Andrew CranfieldHuman-powered helicopter; transmission problems slowed development.
CT-2.2 RockHopper2 Japan2005Yoshiyasu Hirano / CoolthrustFlew over 18 km at the 29th Japan international Birdman Rally in 2005 piloted by Sosuke Tanaka.
Czerwinski HPA Canada1967CzerwinskiA two-seater with twin propellers built in Ottawa, but no record of any flights.
DaSH PA USA2015Alec Proudfoot [2]
Da Vinci II USA1988Helicopter California Polytechnic State University
Da Vinci III [3] USA1989Helicopter California Polytechnic State University 7 s, height 0.2 m, flight not controlled by pilot.
Druiff-Neate Cycloplane UK1909built by Messrs. C. G. Spencer & Co.
Dumbo-Mercury UK1971P. K. Green, W. F. Ball and M. J. Rudd / Weybridge MPAGOriginally nickname "Dumbo" at Weybridge. When taken over by John Potter at RAF Cranwell, it was renamed Mercury.
Dumoulin tracteur pour la navigation aérienne France1904BiplaneDumoulinA human-powered circular-winged biplane with Archimedean screw propellers turned by hand. [4]
DUT Icarus 001 Netherlands Delft University of Technology With the Movement Science Faculty of the University of Maastricht.
Egret I Japan1973Kimura / Nihon University37 yards.
Egret 2 Japan1974Kimura / Nihon University222 yards.
Egret 3 Japan1974Kimura / Nihon University
Farman Aviette HPA France1912
Flycycle 1974
Frost Emmett HPA New Zealand1970sJohn Frost / University of Auckland Revisited 1984
Gamera HPH USA1972HelicopterUniversity of Maryland
Gamera II HPH USA2012HelicopterUniversity of MarylandDuration 65 s, height < 1 ft
Gerhardt Cycleplane USA1923MultiplaneFlight Test Section at McCook Field 20-foot (6.1 m) hop.
Gokuraku Tombo Japan1986Team AeroscepsySeveral HPAs built by the team are called the same. Two Japanese records set under the FAI rules: 4.437 km (May 1992) and 10.881 km (Aug. 2003). The 22nd Japan International Birdman Rally (JIBR) HPA section won, 23.688 km. The first HPA reached the opposite shore (northwest shore) of Lake Biwa from start point at east shore. The 30th JIBR HPA won time-trial section. Piloted by Hironori Nakayama.
Goodhart Newbury Manflier UK1979 Nicholas Goodhart Two-seater with separate pods; pilot control tasks shared.
Gossamer Albatross USA1978Paul MacCready Jr. & Peter Lissaman Kremer Prize for first cross-channel flight, 12 June 1979. Two records set, both superseded: 35.82 km straight distance [5] and 2h 49 min Duration. [6]
Gossamer Condor (Pasadena version) USA1976 Paul MacCready Jr. & Peter LissamanOne short hop only, in the car park of the Pasadena Rose Bowl.
Gossamer Condor (Mojave version) USA1976Paul MacCready Jr. & Peter Lissaman(Mojave version)
Gossamer Condor (Shafter airport version) USA1977Paul MacCready Jr. & Peter Lissaman Kremer prize for figure-eight course, 1.15 miles (1850 m), 7 min 25 s flight, 23 August 1977. [7]
Halton Jupiter UK1972Christopher Roper /John Potter1171 m, 1 min 47 s flight [8]
Hardy HPA Roger Hardy
Hartman Ikarus UK1959Emiel Hartman
Hill Flying Wing Hill
HMPAC Puffin 1 UK1961Wimpenny, Vann & Hatfield Man Powered Aircraft Club 993 yards.
HMPAC Puffin 2 UK1965Wimpenny, Vann & Hatfield Man Powered Aircraft Club 875 yards, height 17 feet, turns.
Aviette Hurel France1974Maurice HurelFlight trials in June 1974 [9]
HV-1 Mufli Germany1935Helmut Haessler & F. VillingerMUSKELFLUG INSTITUT (Institute of Muscle-Powered-Flight)

At the Gesellschaft Polytechnic, Frankfurt, director – Oskar Ursinus – 779 yards from bungee launch. Flugzeug-Typenbuch. Handbuch der deutschen Luftfahrt- und Zubehör-Industrie 1944 [10]

Contents

HVS Germany1982Hütter/Villinger/SchüleOperated in 20 mph winds.
HYPER-CHick "KoToNo Limited" Japan1992Toshiaki Yoshikawa / Team Active GalsFirst female flight in Japan on 5 July 1992, with Kotono Hori as pilot. 119.45 m (130.19 yards) / 22.98 seconds
Ibis HPA Japan1978Nihon UniversityFurther development of the Jupiter – Stork line.
Icarus HPA-1 USA1977 Taras Kiceniuk Jr. Longest flight of 30 seconds at Shafter Airport.
Kiceniuk Icarus 1975 Taras Kiceniuk Jr. WIGE HPAC project [11]
Kohm Lady Godiva USA1982Thomas Kohm et alReplica of the MacCready Gossamer Albatross. First "girl-powered" HPA
Linnet I Japan1966Prof. Kimura / Research Institute of Science and Technology, Nihon University47 yards, height 9 feet.
Linnet II Japan1967Prof. Kimura / Research Institute of Science and Technology, Nihon University100 yards, height 5 feet.
Linnet III Japan1970Prof. Kimura / Research Institute of Science and Technology, Nihon University34 yards.
Linnet IV Japan1971Prof. Kimura / Research Institute of Science and Technology, Nihon University66 yards.
Lippisch 1929 Man-Powered Ornithopter Germany1929OrnithopterAlexander LippischFlown by Hans Werner Krause.
Liverpuffin UK1972 Keith Sherwin Built from the remains of the Puffin II by students from Liverpool University led by Sherwin.
Malliga 1 HPAAustria1967Josef Malliga [12]
Malliga 2 HPAAustria1972Josef Malliga [12]
Man-Eagle 1 USA1982Wayne T. BliesnerShort flights a.k.a. "Bliesner 8".
Man-Eagle 3 USA1983Wayne T. BliesnerKremer Speed Course.
Man-Eagle 4 USA1985Wayne T. Bliesner
Maruoka Man-Powered Screw-Wing Machine Japan1902Katsura Maruoka [13]
Southend MPG Mayfly UK1965Brian Kerry
McAvoy MPA-1 USA1962James M. McAvoyGeorgia Tech.
Michelob Light Eagle USA1986 Mark Drela / Massachusetts Institute of Technology37 miles. Onboard test equipment.
MiLan'81 Japan1981Naito / Nihon University645 yards.
MiLan'82 Japan1982Naito / Nihon University1800 yards.
MIT BURD USA1973Biplane Massachusetts Institute of Technology First of several HPAs built by MIT students. Did not fly.
MIT BURD II USA1976Biplane Massachusetts Institute of Technology Copy of the original BURD. Did not fly.
MIT Chrysalis USA1979BiplaneParks & Youngren / Massachusetts Institute of Technology Over a four month period, made 345 flights with 44 different pilots.
MIT Daedalus 87 USA1987Drela / Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT Daedalus Project.
MIT Daedalus 88 USA1988Drela / Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT Daedalus Project. 1988 Crete to Santorini flight, official FAI world records for total distance (119 km), straight-line distance, and duration (3 h 55 min) for human-powered aircraft.
MIT Monarch A USA1983 Mark Drela / Massachusetts Institute of Technology29 flights.
MIT Monarch B USA1984Drela / Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyWon the £20,000 first prize for the Kremer World Speed Competition.
Möwe6-B Japan1989Nihon University Aero Student Group (NASG)First Japanese record set under the FAI rules. Distance: 3.708 km (Mar. 1990)
Möwe20 Japan2002Nihon University Aero Student Group (NASG)The 27th Japan International Birdman Rally (JIBR) HPA section won, 34.654 km. Pilot was not exhausted but took water by organizer direction because the HPA reached end of flyable area (southwest side of Lake Biwa) (Jul. 2003) – straight-distance record in JIBR. Japanese record set under the FAI rules. 11.874 km / 46 min 40 s (Aug. 2004). Piloted by Kai Hirawata.
Möwe21 Japan2003Nihon University Aero Student Group (NASG)Japanese records set under the FAI rules. 49.172 km, 1 h 48 min 12 s (6 Aug. 2005). Current Japanese records. Piloted by Nariyuki Masuda.
Mozi HPA China2009OXAI Aircraft Company / Mao Yiqing
Musculair I Germany1984Günther Rochelt & SchoberlTwo different prizes; first passenger.
Musculair II Germany1985Günther Rochelt & SchoberlKremer Speed Prize.
Nakamura MP-X-6 Japan1969Eiji Nakamura [14]
Nextz  [ ja ]Japan2009Team 'F'Winner of 33rd Japan International Birdman Rally HPA time-trial section. First Japanese record of speed under the FAI rules: 1500 m in 3 min 15 s = 27.69 km/h (22 Oct. 2012). As of 2012 current Japanese record.
Nieuport Aviette 1921 France1921
Northrop Institute of Technology HPA USA1972Malcolm Smith / NITTwo-seater; not completed.
Onigkeit 1938 Germany1938Otto OnigkeitFlugzeug-Typenbuch. Handbuch der deutschen Luftfahrt- und Zubehör-Industrie 1944 [15]
Pedaliante Italy1936Enea Bossi & Vittorio Bonomi40 unaided flights?
Pelargos 2 Switzerland1983Horlacher/Mohlin/Dubs1100 yards.
Pelargos 3 Switzerland1985Horlacher/Mohlin/Frank875 yards.
Perkins Inflatable HPA USA1959InflatableDaniel PerkinsPrecursor to the Reluctant Phoenix.
Perkins Reluctant Phoenix UK1966InflatableDaniel PerkinsThe culmination of Daniel Perkins' attempts to build a viable inflatable human-powered aircraft; flown inside the R100 airship hangars.
Phillips Mk.1 HPA UK1976 ?Ron PhillipsFirst female pilot.
Phillips Mk.2 HPA UK1976 ?Ron PhillipsTwo-seater.
Polniak LP Dedal Poland1972Leon Polniak
Polniak LP Dedal-2 Poland1975Leon Polniak
Posniak HPA Netherlands1936B. Posniak
Poulain/Farman Aviette France1921Gabriel Poulain / Farman
Prestwick Dragonfly MPA Mk 1 Scotland1975Roger Hardy
Privett HPA USADoug PrivettCannot take off without a ground-crew assist [9]
PSU Zephyrus USA2011 Pennsylvania State University
Raven Project USA2001Paul Illian
RayJapan2008 Tohoku University Windnauts (HPA club at Tohoku University)Winner of 32nd Japan International Birdman Rally (JIBR) HPA – distance section. 36 km round-trip; 18 km one-way (longest distance under the rules at the time). Piloted by Wataru Nishiwaki; round-trip distance record in JIBR.
Rickman umbrella wing UK1909Rickman
Royal SpoonbillUK1983Robert Le Johnno-Johnson / NZHPFGNever completed due to a redesign after being vandalised.[ citation needed ]
Seehase MD-2 Germany1937Hans Seehase
Singapore University Man powered Aircraft 1
Singapore University Man powered Aircraft 2 		SingaporeSingapore University students / Keith Sherwin Of the two projects, only one flew.
Smolkowski-Laviolette biplane Canada1964Alvin Smolkowski and Maurice LavioletteTowed flights
Sato Maeda SM-OX Japan1969Hiroshi Sato, Kenichi Maeda / Fukuoka Daiichi Highschool Department of Aeroengine31 yards, height 6 feet.
Snowbird HPO Canada2010University of Toronto
Stewart HPOs UK1959OrnithopterAlan StewartSeveral unsuccessful human-powered ornithopters built between 1959 and 1979.
Stork A  [ ja ]Japan1976 Junji Ishii  [ ja ] / Nihon University651 yards. Re-designed (smaller) from the UK Jupiter. [8]
Stork B  [ ja ]Japan1977 Junji Ishii  [ ja ] / Nihon University2094 m, 4 min 28 s flight. [8]
SUMPAC UK1961Ann Marsden, Alan Lassiere & David Williams / Southampton University Man-powered Aircraft CommitteeFirst independently observed unaided flight. Flown by Derek Piggott.
Swift A JapanNaito / Nihon University
Swift B JapanNaito / Nihon University
To Phoenix Inflatable HPA UK1982Inflatable Frederick E. To / Air-Plane Co. Ltd. [16]
Toucan 1 UK1972Pressnell / Hertfordshire Pedal Aeronauts 700 yards. Two-seater, span 123 ft. Bryan Bowen & Derek May [17]
Toucan II UK1974Pressnell / Hertfordshire Pedal Aeronauts
UpturnUSA2012HelicopterNTS Works Upturnduration 10 s, height 0.60 m
Ursinus 1925 HPA Germany1925Oskar Ursinus
Vélair 89 Germany1989Peer Frank3390 yards
Vine HPA South Africa1962S. W. Vine200 yards. One flight only at Krugersdorp, Transvaal, South Africa.
VMM HPA Belgium1974Verstralte/Masschelin/MasschelinHeights of 15 ft at Calais-Marck airport due to Belgian authorities refusing permission to fly. [18]
White Dwarf blimp USA1984AirshipBill WatsonBuilt for the comedian Gallagher and seen in Showtime special Over Your Head. Set records in airship categories BA-1 through BA-10 for distance (93.36 km) [19] and duration (8 h 50 min 12 s). [20] [21]
Wright Micron UK1976Peter Wright
Wright MPA Mk 1 UK1972Peter Wright300 yards at 4 feet. Elevator not used.
Yuri I HPH  [ ja ]Japan1994HelicopterAkira Naito, Nihon Aero Student Group (NASG)Duration 19.5 s, height 0.2 m
Zaschka Human-Power Aircraft Germany1934 Engelbert Zaschka
Zephyrus β Japan1997Ochanomizu Human-powered aircraft study groupJapanese female record set under the FAI rules, 1.004 km in 3 min 3 s. (16 Nov. 1997). Piloted by Chihiro Muraoka – current Japanese female records.
Zinno Olympian ZB-1 USA1976Lt.Col. Joe Zinno, USAF (Ret.)First successful American HPA.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Argus As 10</span> 1920s German piston aircraft engine

The Argus As 10 was a German-designed and built, air-cooled 90° cylinder bank-angle inverted V8 "low power" aircraft engine, used mainly in training aircraft such as the Arado Ar 66 and Focke-Wulf Fw 56 Stösser and other small short-range reconnaissance and communications aircraft like the Fieseler Fi 156 Storch during, and shortly after World War II. It was first built in 1928.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hirth HM 508</span>

The Hirth HM 508 was an air-cooled, eight-cylinder, 60° cylinder bank angle inverted-V aircraft engine built in Germany in the 1930s. It had a bore and stroke of 105 mm × 115 mm and developed 210 kW (280 hp) at 3,000 rpm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hirth HM 504</span> 1930s German aircraft engine

The Hirth HM 504 is a four-cylinder air-cooled inverted inline engine. The HM 504 was a popular engine for light aircraft of the 1930s-1940s, and it was used to power a number of Germany's trainer aircraft of World War II. The engine featured a cast magnesium alloy crankcase. The Hitachi Hatsukaze Model 11 was a Japanese licensed version.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Argus As 410</span> 1930s German piston aircraft engine

The Argus As 410 was a German air-cooled inverted V-12 light aircraft engine that was first produced by Argus Motoren in 1938.

The Hirth HM 506 was a six-cylinder air-cooled inverted inline engine that was developed from the earlier four-cylinder HM 504. The HM 506 was a popular engine for light aircraft of the 1930s to 1940s and powered the Bücker Bü 133A model trainer. The engine featured a cast magnesium alloy crankcase.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hirth HM 60</span> 1920s German aircraft engine

The Hirth HM 60 was a four-cylinder inverted air-cooled inline aircraft engine designed in 1923 and first sold in 1924. The engine was of very high quality, and its sales success contributed to Hirth's rapid pre-war expansion. It was a popular engine for light aircraft delivering 80 hp (60 kW) at 2,300 rpm. Later Hirth engines built upon the HM 60's success and provided greater power with many of the same design features.

The Akaflieg Stuttgart F-1 Fledermaus (Bat) was a glider designed and built in Germany from 1932.

The Akaflieg Stuttgart fs16, nicknamed Wippsterz was a glider aircraft that was designed and built in Germany from 1936. Only one example of the design was constructed.

The Akaflieg Stuttgart fs17 was a glider aircraft that was designed and built in Germany from 1936. It notably featured a prone seating position for its pilot.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daimler-Benz DB 602</span> 1930s German piston airship engine

The Daimler-Benz DB 602, originally known as Daimler-Benz LOF.6, was a German diesel cycle aero engine designed and built in the early 1930s. It was a liquid-cooled upright V16, and powered the two Hindenburg-class airships. It has roughly the same displacement and weight of the Beardmore Tornado, which was used in the ill-fated R101, but has almost twice the power of the Tornado, showing Daimler-Benz's superior knowledge regarding diesel engine construction.

The DFS Seeadler was a German flying boat sailplane designed by Hans Jacobs of the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug (DFS). It was version of the 1935 DFS Rhönadler, with a new fuselage and strongly gulled wings to keep them clear from spray. The aircraft was first flown in the summer of 1935, test piloted by Hanna Reitsch, and towed by a Dornier Do 12.

The Akaflieg Darmstadt D-30 Cirrus was an aerodynamically advanced single seat sailplane with a very high aspect ratio wing and a pod and boom fuselage. Built in Germany just before World War II, it was intended as a record breaker and duly set a new world out-and-return distance record in 1938.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zündapp 9-092</span>

The Zündapp 9–092 or Z 92 was a German four-cylinder, air-cooled, inline aero engine made by Zündapp and used in light aircraft of the late-1930s.

The Schneider Grunau 7 Moazagotl was a high-performance sailplane designed in Germany in 1933 specifically for fast, long distance flying using strong thermals. In 1937 it came second in the first World Gliding Championships, having previously made a flight of 300 km (186 mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Akaflieg Berlin B5</span> German single-seat glider, 1937

The Akaflieg Berlin B5 was a glider built in Germany in the late 1930s. It featured a high-wing, cantilever sailplane configuration of all-wood construction, with cantilevered gull-wings, retractable landing-gear, all-moving-tail, dive air-brakes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Akaflieg Berlin B6</span> German single-seat glider, 1938

The Akaflieg Berlin B6 was a glider built in Germany in the late 1930s. It featured a high-wing, cantilevered mid-wing sailplane configuration with Junkers-flaps, retractable landing gear, all moving tail, dive air brakes, wood and steel body.

The Hirth HM 501 was a 6-cylinder air-cooled inverted in-line engine that was developed by Hirth Motoren GmbH in the late 1930s, from the 4-cylinder HM 500 and used principally on the submarine-born Arado Ar 231.

The Hirth HM 515 was a four-cylinder air-cooled inverted inline engine, intended to power light aircraft of the 1940s. Due to World War II, demand for the light aircraft to be powered by the HM 515 dried up and only the Siebel Si 202C Hummel was powered by development engines before further work was abandoned.

The Kroeber M4 Köller was a 2-stroke air-cooled horizontally-opposed piston engine designed and built by Dr. Kroeber & Sohn G.m.b.H. in Germany in the late 1930s. The M4 proved relatively popular, for powering the ultra-light aircraft and motor-gliders in vogue during the 1920s and 1930s.

References

  1. ↑ Wahl, Paul (February 1974). "Who Will Take Aviation's Richest Prize?". Popular Science. Vol. 204, no. 2. New York, NY: Times Mirror Magazines, Inc, Inc. pp. 90–92, 136–137. ISSN   0148-7191 . Retrieved 9 April 2023.
  2. ↑ Clay Lambert (2015-12-07). "Aviation enthusiasts pedal human power". Half Moon Bay Review.
  3. ↑ FARLEY, SHANNON (7 December 1989). "Pedal Power : Cal Poly Uses Bicyclist to Get Human-Driven Helicopter Off the Ground" – via LA Times.
  4. ↑ Opdycke, Leonard E. (1999). French Aeroplanes before the Great War. Atglen: SchifferPublishing Limited. ISBN   0-7643-0752-5.
  5. ↑ "Fai Record File". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  6. ↑ "Fai Record File". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  7. ↑ Popular Science jan 1978
  8. ↑ Schneider, Helmut (Dipl. Ing.) (1944). Flugzeug-Typenbuch. Handbuch der deutschen Luftfahrt- und Zubehör-Industrie (in German) (Facsimile reprint 1986 ed.). Leipzig: Herm. Beyer Verlag. pp. 346–347. ISBN   381120484X.
  9. ↑ . 2020-11-12 https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014022/http://www.icarusengineering.com/HPA-first-flight1975web.JPG. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 2022-06-08.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. 1 2 Keimel, Reinhard (1980). Propeller-Luftfahrzeugkonstruktionen seit 1945 (1. Aufl. ed.). Graz: H. Weishaupt Verlag. ISBN   3-900310-02-5.
  11. ↑ Mikesh, Robert; Shorzoe, Abe (1990). Japanese Aircraft 1910-1941. London: Putnam. p. 21. ISBN   0-85177-840-2.
  12. ↑ Taylor, John W.R., ed. (1970). Jane's all the World's Aircraft 1970–71. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company. p. 158. ISBN   978-0-354-00067-3.
  13. ↑ Schneider, Helmut (Dipl.Ing.) (1944). Flugzeug-Typenbuch. Handbuch der deutschen Luftfahrt- und Zubehör-Industrie (in German) (Facsimile reprint 1986 ed.). Leipzig: Herm. Beyer Verlag. p. 348. ISBN   381120484X.
  14. ↑ Taylor, John W.R., ed. (1983). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1982–83 (73rd ed.). London: Jane's Publishing Company. p. 273. ISBN   978-0-7106-0748-5.
  15. ↑ Popular science, February 1974.
  16. ↑ Taylor, John W. R., ed. (1975). Jane's all the world's aircraft, 1975–76 (66th annual ed.). New York: Franklin Watts Inc. p. 12. ISBN   978-0531032503.
  17. ↑ "Fai Record File". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  18. ↑ "Fai Record File". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  19. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.