Cold-weather biking

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A bicycle set up for winter commuting with metal-studded tires, an enclosed chain case, and enclosed drum brakes. Commuting Icebike.jpg
A bicycle set up for winter commuting with metal-studded tires, an enclosed chain case, and enclosed drum brakes.
A winter cyclist wearing a full face helmet and goggles. Winter biking.png
A winter cyclist wearing a full face helmet and goggles.

Cold-weather biking, cold-weather cycling, or winter biking is the use of a bicycle during months when roads and paths are covered with ice, slush and snow. Cold weather cyclists face a number of challenges in near or below freezing temperatures. Urban commuters on city streets may have to deal with "[s]now, slush, salt, and sand", which can cause rust and damage to metal bike components. [1] Slush and ice can jam derailleurs. [1] Some cyclists may bike differently in winter, by "slow[ing] down on turns and brak[ing] gradually" in icy conditions. [2] Gaining traction on snow and ice-covered roads can be difficult. [3] Winter cyclists may use bikes with front and rear fenders, [1] metal studded winter tires [4] and flashing LED lights. [1] [3] Winter cyclists may wear layers of warm clothes and "ea[r], face, and han[d]" coverings [5] may be used. Specialized winter bikes called fatbikes, which have wide, oversized tires that are typically inflated with low pressure, are used in snow trail riding and winter bike competitions.

Contents

Terminology

Cold-weather biking is also called "winter cycling", "winter biking", "snow biking", "fatbiking" (the name is a reference to the oversized, wide tires) or "ice biking." "Ice biking" often refers to biking that takes place on ice-covered lakes and rivers.

Choice of bike

A mountain cyclist riding through a snowy field. Mtb in snow (crop).jpg
A mountain cyclist riding through a snowy field.

Winter cyclists may use a cheaper bike for winter biking, because "[s]now, slush, salt, and sand" causes rust and damage to metal bike components. [1] The Ottawa Bicycle Lanes Project (OBLP) states that bikes used in winter will be "bombarded by the road salt", which can cause rusting; as such, some cyclists ride a different bike than the one they use in warmer months, such as a used bicycle or an inexpensive bike. [4] Another Ottawa biking website concurs with the statement that winter cyclists do not "ride [their] best or expensive bicycle in winter", but adds that riders do not ride a poor-quality "piece of junk [bike]", as this type of cycle will be "slow, heavy, uncomfortable and continually breaking down"; instead, a "used ‘mid’ level bike" is recommended. [6] An Ottawa biking website states that some winter cyclists use a "mountain style bike"  ... [because] ... the frame geometry, wheels and components are design for less than ideal riding conditions such as mud and dirt", which means that the bike is better able to handle snowy and slushy conditions. [6]

CBC news states that winter cyclists may choose to not use multi-speed bikes with derailleurs: "[a] single-speed bike ... means fewer moving parts and it's less likely to freeze up" in icy conditions. [3] According to the OBLP, bikes with an internal gear hub, in which all the gears are enclosed in a case (as opposed to being exposed to the elements) will "kee[p] gears clean and ice/salt free". [2] On bikes used for winter biking in urban environments, the road salt may cause the chain to become rusty, which can cause problems with its functioning (e.g., links seizing up or chain links rusting through [7] ). To avoid chain problems, some winter bikers use a belt-driven bicycle, which uses a rubber belt similar to those used as timing belts in automobile engines. Steel components in bikes can be rust-damaged, including steel frames and metal brake cables and shifter cables; for this reason, some winter bikers use bikes made of non-steel materials, such as aluminium. [7]

Offroad cyclists may use fatbikes, a specialized bike type with extra wide rims and tires. These bikes are described in the section below.

Approach to riding

Bicycles parked in a rack in the snow. Bicycles snow Graz 2005 original.jpg
Bicycles parked in a rack in the snow.
Signed "Conventional bike lane" with snow-covered road surface markings. BicycleLaneSignage SBTV 20150205.jpg
Signed "Conventional bike lane" with snow-covered road surface markings.

Tom Babin, a writer from Calgary who penned Frostbike: The Joy, Pain and Numbness of Winter Cycling states that "[a]bout 30 to 40 per cent of cyclists bike year-round". [9] Babin states that people who have not tried cold-weather cycling tend to be afraid of it, but once cyclists try winter biking, they find "it's a lot easier than they thought it would be." He also states that winter cycling has enabled him "to rediscover the joy of winter" because it can offer riders "beautiful moments" of quiet in the snow and a way to get outdoor exercise. [9]

Because slush and ice can jam derailleurs, some winter cyclists use the "same low gear all winter", even if they have a multi-speed bike. [1] The OBLP states that cyclists biking in winter "slow down on turns and brake gradually" in icy conditions. [2]

The City of Ottawa states that some cyclists may use vehicular cycling techniques for winter biking, including taking control of the lane when appropriate: "Roads tend to be a bit narrower due to snow banks. Ride in the middle lane when necessary, which will prevent motorists from passing you too closely." [10]

According to the OBLP, some winter cyclists avoid major roads and use "low/slow traffic streets and winter maintained pathways." [4] The OBLP states that some winter cyclists choose not to bike on "very cold, icy or ... snow storm" days, and take a bus or other commuting method. [4]

Maintenance

When winter biking, some cyclists regularly lubricate the chain with a wet lubricant. [1] [11] An Ottawa winter biking website states that lubricant "may have to be reapplied daily in slush conditions", due to the presence of water and road salt on streets. [6] The OBLP states that winter cyclists use a "thickish lube" on their chain and derailleurs. [2] An Ottawa bike website states that there is a downside to using oil lubricants: "[o]il lubes are a quick and dirty way to keep your bicycle running in winter, [because] oil doesn’t freeze and it does displace water – thus preventing freezing. However, oil collects a lot of dirt and debris – wearing your bicycle’s components faster." [6] The city of Toronto states that some winter cyclists oil the freewheel and put "...a drop of oil at the end of each wheel spoke" to reduce rusting. [12] A Torontoist article states that winter cyclists "[w]ipe down [their] bike [after riding], paying special attention to the brakes, which can corrode easily. And then clean and lubricate [the] chain" with a wet, oil-based lubricant. [13] The OBLP states that some winter cyclists wash off their bike, to get grime and salt off the components. Some car washes and indoor parking garages have high-pressure hoses that can be used. [4]

An Ottawa winter biking website states that bringing a bike used outside in winter weather into a heated indoor area "...will cause condensation to form on everything, and it will immediately freeze if brought back outside." [6]

Accessories

Cold-weather cyclists riding in the rightmost part of the lane in New York City. 5th Av 53 snowbiking jeh.jpg
Cold-weather cyclists riding in the rightmost part of the lane in New York City.
A knobby mountain bike tire with DIY screws protruding from the treads. Winter tyre with spikes-bike.jpg
A knobby mountain bike tire with DIY screws protruding from the treads.

Gaining traction on snow and ice-covered roads can be difficult. In mild winter weather, cyclists "use low-pressure knobby tires on both the front and rear wheels." [1] During "severe conditions, winter tires with hardened steel spikes" can be used to increase traction [1] and provide "better control." [3]

The OBLP states that some cyclists use front and rear fenders for winter biking. [4] For winter biking, fenders that are fitted with some space between the wheel and the fender are used by some cyclists. According to the Mountain Equipment Co-op, close-fitted fenders can clog up with snow. [1] According to the OBLP, while fenders with space "don’t accumulate snow buildup, ... [some] prefer tight fitting fenders." [4]

The OBLP states that some winter cyclists use Schwalbe studded winter Marathon tires. [4]

To avoid frozen brake and derailleur cables, an Ottawa website states that some riders use "‘slick’ or Teflon type cables" or "regular cables" lubed with a "dry [wax] lube like White Ligh[tn]ing". [6]

Visibility

During the winter, it is harder for drivers to see cyclists, due to the shorter daylight hours and the potential for ice and snow to be obscuring part of the car windows, so some cyclists use flashing LED lights on the front and rear of the bike and "[b]right coloured garments" to increase their visibility on the road. [1] One winter cyclist quoted by CBC news states that he "double[s] the number of lights" on his bike during the darker winter periods. [3] According to Karen Ruth, "garish" colored outerwear, such as neon pink and yellow jackets help to make winter cyclists visible from a distance; she also states that jackets with reflective stripes are used. [14] The city of Toronto states that reflective tape, reflective leg bands and reflective safety vests are used by winter cyclists to increase motorists' ability to see them in the dark. [12]

Clothing and protective gear

A winter cyclist dressed for a cold ride in a high-visibility reflective vest, balaclava and helmet cover. Ice biker.jpg
A winter cyclist dressed for a cold ride in a high-visibility reflective vest, balaclava and helmet cover.
The Chinese version of hand-protecting "pogies", used on electric bicycles in cold weather. Qufu - electric bikes parked - P1060310.JPG
The Chinese version of hand-protecting "pogies", used on electric bicycles in cold weather.
Bar Mitts in New York Bar Mitts on utility bike jeh.jpg
Bar Mitts in New York

Wearing several winter clothing layers make it easier to regulate body temperature when cycling in the winter. Hats, gloves, socks, arm warmers, leg warmers, scarves, neck gaiters and lightweight packable jackets, can be adjusted, added, or removed to help regulate your body temperature and personal comfort. In below freezing temperatures extra clothing items can be added to help keep you warm these include thermal pants, winter shoe covers, and longer coats.

A CTV article states that winter cyclists may dress in layers, and they may cover the "ears, face, and hands" using "neck warmers, balaclavas, and even ski goggles." [5] According to Karen Ruth, some winter cyclists choose outer shells that strike a balance between being waterproof and being breathable (to allow perspiration to escape); outer shells that contain armpit zippers and zip-off sleeves are sometimes used. [14] Lobster claw mitts are used by some winter cyclists. They have two sections for the fingers, which helps to keep the fingers warm, while at the same time facilitating the use of brake levers. [15] Water-resistant clothing is used on some days; an Ottawa winter biking website states that "...roads will be covered with melting snow/slush at the edges, making any cycling a ‘wet’ experience." [6] To prevent negative effects of windchill on the face, the same website states that cyclists protect the face with balaclavas and eye coverings (e.g., ski goggles). [6] An Ottawa bike website states that to keep the head warm while wearing a standard bike helmet, that contains numerous vents, some cyclists wear helmet covers or use DIY solutions like covering up the vents with duct tape. [6]

While some winter cyclists prefer using traditional gloves or mittens (or hybrids such as the lobster claw mitts) that are worn directly on the hands, pogies are another option to protect the hands from cold and wet weather. These hand coverings are directly mounted to the handlebars and encompass the grips, shifters and brake levers, allowing the cyclist to insert their hands into the pogies and have full control over their bike cockpit without wearing heavier, more cumbersome gloves. Pogies are especially useful for bicycle messengers working in cold weather, as using light gloves or even none at all within the pogies allows for normal hand dexterity for operating radios, cell phones, pens and other small motor skill tasks without needing to continuously remove and put heavy gloves back on again.

Off-road use

There have been a number of Antarctic cycling expeditions in which adventurers have used specialized wide-tired bikes called fatbikes. In December 2013, Maria Leijerstam completed the first successful pedal-powered ride across Antarctica to the South Pole on a customized recumbent trike. [16]

Fatbikes

A fatbike with wide, low-pressure tires being ridden over the snow Fat bike.jpg
A fatbike with wide, low-pressure tires being ridden over the snow

A fatbike is a bicycle with wide, oversized tires, typically 3.8 in (97 mm) or larger and rims 2.6 in (66 mm) or wider, designed for low inflation to allow riding on soft unstable terrain such as snow. [17] The name is a reference to the fatness of the tires used on the cycles. The wide tires can be used with inflation pressures as low as 5 psi (340 hPa) to allow for a smooth ride. [18] Surly Bikes released the Pugsley frame, in 2005, [19] and began producing Large Marge 65 mm rims and Endomorph 3.8-inch tires in 2006. The Pugsley frame, rim and tire offerings made fatbikes commercially available in local bike shops worldwide. [20] Other early versions of the fatbike were normal mountain bikes equipped with SnowCat rims, created by Simon Rakower of All-Weather Sports in Fairbanks, Alaska in the early 1990s; [21] or with multiple tires seated on two or three standard rims that had been welded or pinned together. [22]

Fatbiking is both a recreational activity and a competitive activity. An example of recreational fatbiking is the announcement in 2015 by Gatineau Park in Canada's national capital region that snow biking and winter mountain biking will be permitted on selected snowshoe trails. The park only permits cyclists with "winter bikes equipped with tires at least 9.4 cm (3.7-in.) wide" to use the trails. [23] As the popularity of fatbikes has expanded, [24] [25] [26] fatbike-specific events (races, race series, tours, and festivals) have emerged. Examples include the Snow Bike Festival, [27] [28] [29] the annual Global Fatbike Summit [30] (since 2012), [31] the Fatbike Birkie race [32] which is part of the Great Lakes Fatbike Series (2014-2015 season: 8 races held across 3 states), [33] [34] the US Open Fatbike Beach Championships (inaugural, 2015), [35] the USA Cycling Fat Bike National Championship (inaugural, 2015), [36] [37] and the 45Nrth Fatbike Triple Crown race series. [38]

See also

Further reading

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bicycle</span> Pedal-driven two-wheel vehicle

A bicycle, also called a pedal cycle, bike, push-bike or cycle, is a human-powered or motor-assisted, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A bicycle rider is called a cyclist, or bicyclist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mountain bike</span> Type of bicycle

A mountain bike (MTB) or mountain bicycle is a bicycle designed for off-road cycling. Mountain bikes share some similarities with other bicycles, but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain, which makes them heavier, more complex and less efficient on smooth surfaces. These typically include a suspension fork, large knobby tires, more durable wheels, more powerful brakes, straight, extra wide handlebars to improve balance and comfort over rough terrain, and wide-ratio gearing optimised for topography, application and a frame with a suspension mechanism for the rear wheel. Rear suspension is ubiquitous in heavier-duty bikes and now common even in lighter bikes. Dropper seat posts can be installed to allow the rider to quickly adjust the seat height.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Touring bicycle</span> Bicycle designed or modified for touring

A touring bicycle is a bicycle designed or modified to handle bicycle touring. To make the bikes sufficiently robust, comfortable and capable of carrying heavy loads, special features may include a long wheelbase, frame materials that favor flexibility over rigidity, heavy duty wheels, and multiple mounting points.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Utility bicycle</span> Bicycle for practical use (commuting, transport)

A utility bicycle, city bicycle, urban bicycle, European city bike (ECB), Dutch bike, classic bike or simply city-bike is a bicycle designed for frequent very short, very slow rides through very flat urban areas. It is a form of utility bicycle commonly seen around the world, built to facilitate everyday short-distance riding in normal clothes in cold-to-mild weather conditions. It is therefore a bicycle designed for very short-range practical transportation, as opposed to those primarily for recreation and competition, such as touring bicycles, road bicycles, and mountain bicycles. Utility bicycles are the most common form globally, and comprise the vast majority found in the developing world. City bikes may be individually owned or operated as part of a public bike sharing scheme.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Racing bicycle</span> Bicycle designed for competitive road cycling

A racing bicycle, also known as a road bike is a bicycle designed for competitive road cycling, a sport governed by and according to the rules of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI).

Hybrid bicycles blend characteristics from more specialized road bikes, touring bikes and mountain bikes. The resulting "hybrid" is a general-purpose bike that can tolerate a wide range of riding conditions and applications. Their stability, comfort and ease of use make them popular with novice cyclists, casual riders, commuters, and children.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fixed-gear bicycle</span> Bicycle that has a drivetrain with no freewheel mechanism

A fixed-gear bicycle is a bicycle that has a drivetrain with no freewheel mechanism such that the pedals always will spin together with the rear wheel. The freewheel was developed early in the history of bicycle design but the fixed-gear bicycle remained the standard track racing design. More recently the "fixie" has become a popular alternative among mainly urban cyclists, offering the advantage of simplicity compared with the standard multi-geared bicycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the bicycle</span>

Vehicles that have two wheels and require balancing by the rider date back to the early 19th century. The first means of transport making use of two wheels arranged consecutively, and thus the archetype of the bicycle, was the German draisine dating back to 1817. The term bicycle was coined in France in the 1860s, and the descriptive title "penny farthing", used to describe an "ordinary bicycle", is a 19th-century term.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bicycle commuting</span> Use of a bicycle to travel

Bicycle commuting is the use of a bicycle to travel from home to a place of work or study — in contrast to the use of a bicycle for sport, recreation or touring.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cycling glove</span> Gloves designed for cycling

Cycling gloves are gloves designed for cycling. They may provide warmth, comfort and protection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bicycle tire</span> Tire that fits on the wheel of a bicycle

A bicycle tire is a tire that fits on the wheel of a bicycle or similar vehicle. These tires may also be used on tricycles, wheelchairs, and handcycles, frequently for racing. Bicycle tires provide an important source of suspension, generate the lateral forces necessary for balancing and turning, and generate the longitudinal forces necessary for propulsion and braking. Although the use of a pneumatic tire greatly reduces rolling resistance compared to the use of a rigid wheel or solid tire, the tires are still typically the second largest source, after wind resistance, of power consumption on a level road. The modern detachable pneumatic bicycle tire contributed to the popularity and eventual dominance of the safety bicycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mixed terrain cycle touring</span> Method of cycle tourism

Mixed terrain cycle touring is the practice of cycling over a variety of surfaces and topography on a single route, with a single bicycle. The recent popularity of mixed terrain touring is in part a reaction against the increasing specialization of the bike industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of bicycles</span> Overview of and topical guide to bicycles

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to bicycles:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fatbike</span> Style of bicycles with oversized tires

A fatbike is an off-road bicycle built to accommodate oversized tyres, typically 3.8 in (97 mm) or larger and rims 2.16 in (55 mm) or wider, designed for low ground pressure to allow riding on soft, unstable terrain, such as snow, sand, bogs and mud. Fatbikes are built around frames with wide forks and stays to accommodate the space required to fit these wide rims and tires. The wide tires can be used with inflation pressures as low as 34 kPa; 0.34 bar (5 psi) to allow for a smooth ride over rough obstacles. A rating of 55–69 kPa; 0.55–0.69 bar (8–10 psi) is suitable for most riders. Fatbikes were developed for use in snow or sand, but are capable of traversing diverse terrain types including snow, sand, desert, bogs, mud, pavement, or traditional mountain biking trails.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daniel Burton</span> American bicycle enthusiast

Daniel Paul Burton is an American bicycle enthusiast from Eagle Mountain, Utah, and the first person to complete an expedition from the coast of Antarctica to the South Pole by bicycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ice cycle</span>

An ice cycle, ice bike, or icycle is a bicycle adapted for use on ice, usually by replacing the front wheel with an ice skate. Versions exist with and without additional skates to provide lateral stability, that have been based on upright and recumbent bikes, and that have been used for racing. Ice cycles have been in use since at least the 1890s, and theory predicts that a bicycle with a front skate can exhibit riderless self-stability similar to the same bicycle with a front wheel. At least one example has been made with both the front and the rear wheels replaced by skates.

Salsa Cycles is an American bicycle brand based in Bloomington, Minnesota. The company produces touring, mountain, road, and gravel bicycles, as well as bicycle components. The Salsa Cycles brand, along with its sister brands Surly Bikes and All-City Cycles, is owned by the Bloomington-based Quality Bicycle Products. The Salsa brand is widely recognized by winter biking enthusiasts in cold climates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gravel cycling</span> Bicycle sport mostly on gravel roads

Gravel cycling, gravel biking or gravel grinding is a sport, or a leisure activity, in which participants ride bicycles mostly on gravel roads. Sometimes, specially designed gravel bikes are used; in other cases, any bicycle capable of covering the terrain can be used.

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 "Winter bicycling in Ottawa: it ain't no thang". Ottawa Bicycle Lanes Project. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Giacomo Panico (December 6, 2014). "Winter cycling: 5 tips for riding in the sleet and snow". CBC News. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Winter bicycling in Ottawa: it ain't no thang". Ottawa Bicycle Lanes Project. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  5. 1 2 "Winter cyclists defy the elements". CTV Ottawa. January 22, 2014. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Winter Cycling in Ottawa, Canada - How to Commute All Year Round". June 2015.
  7. 1 2 "Winter Riding in Boston – Winter Bicycle Maintenance".
  8. ↑ "Conventional Bike Lanes". Urban Bikeway Design Guide (2 ed.). New York, NY: National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO). 2013. ISBN   978-1-61091-494-9.
  9. 1 2 "Winter cycling: good idea or flat-out insane? | CBC News".
  10. ↑ "Riding techniques for poor weather conditions". Residents» Transportation and Parking» Cycling» Cycling safety» Cold or wet weather cycling» Riding techniques for poor weather conditions. City of Ottawa. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2013. Roads tend to be a bit narrower due to snow banks Ride in the middle lane when necessary, which will prevent motorists from passing you too closely.
  11. ↑ "Preparing Your Bike for Winter". Bicycle New England. 2 February 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2019.
  12. 1 2 "Bike Winter - Safety & Education - Cycling | City of Toronto". Archived from the original on 2016-03-13. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
  13. ↑ "How to Ride Your Bike Through a Toronto Winter". 19 November 2013.
  14. 1 2 Ruth, Karen. Bicycling: A Reintroduction. Cool Springs Press, 2011. p. 70
  15. ↑ Ruth, Karen. Bicycling: A Reintroduction. Cool Springs Press, 2011. p. 71
  16. ↑ article about ride to South Pole
  17. ↑ Adam Fisher. "Rollin' Large". Bicycling . Archived from the original on 2014-01-20. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
  18. ↑ delphinide (3 January 2014). "Fatbiking 101". singletracks.com. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
  19. ↑ Regenold, Stephen (14 July 2006). "Adventure bikes – Surly Pugsley, Evingson Cycle Voyageur". gearjunkie.com. Monopoint Media LLC. Retrieved 11 Apr 2015.
  20. ↑ DeMarban, Alex (27 Dec 2011). "Alaska's fat-bike mania spreads its tire track across world". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved 11 Apr 2015.
  21. ↑ SnowCat page on All-Weather Sports website, archived from the original on 2008-02-08
  22. ↑ "A Brief History of Fatbikes". www.adventurecycling.org. Adventure Cycling Association. 13 Feb 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  23. ↑ "Snow Biking in Gatineau Park | National Capital Commission". www.ncc-ccn.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22.
  24. ↑ Marshall, John (7 Apr 2015). "Why fat bikes are going from niche sport to mainstream". ctvnews.com. Retrieved 7 Apr 2015.
  25. ↑ "Finns go wild for the fatbike -- perfect for biking in the snow". Alaska Dispatch News. Alaska, USA. 12 Mar 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-04-14. Retrieved 7 Apr 2015.
  26. ↑ Averill, Graham (16 Jan 2015). "Love to Fat Bike? This is where to ride". Outside Online. USA: Outside Magazine. Retrieved 11 Apr 2015.
  27. ↑ "The Snow Bike Festival is set to stay in Gstaad". MarathonMTB.com. 2016-06-30. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
  28. ↑ "Snow Bike Festival 2016: Fatbikerennen im Schweizer Gstaad". Archived from the original on 2016-08-29. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
  29. ↑ "Snow Bike Festival Gstaad". MySwitzerland.com. Archived from the original on 2016-08-27. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
  30. ↑ Suder, Jason (15 Jan 2015). "Fat Bike Summit at the King". Jackson Hole News & Guide. Wyoming, USA. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
  31. ↑ "Global Fatbike Summit: History". fatbikesummit.com. 20 Jan 2012. Archived from the original on 2015-02-08. Retrieved 7 Apr 2015.
  32. ↑ "Fat Tire Birkie is a hit". fox21online. Cable, Wi, USA. 7 Mar 2015. Retrieved 7 Apr 2015.
  33. ↑ "2015 Series Announced". greatlakesfatbikeseries.com. Great Lakes Fat Bikes Series. 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-04-11. Retrieved 11 Apr 2015.
  34. ↑ Lindgren, Suzanne (30 Dec 2014). "Snowy times call for fat bike measures". The Sun. USA. Retrieved 11 Apr 2015.
  35. ↑ "NC bikers dominate Fat Bike Championships". WRAL.com. WRAL.com. 14 Mar 2015. Retrieved 7 Apr 2015.
  36. ↑ "USA Cycling adds fat bike National Championships for 2015". cyclingnews.com. USA. 6 Feb 2014. Retrieved 11 Apr 2015.
  37. ↑ Lloyd, Steven (16 Feb 2015). "USA's First Ever Fat Bike National Championship". pinkbike.com. pinkbike.com. Retrieved 11 Apr 2015.
  38. ↑ Sinnema, Jodie (25 Jan 2015). "Edmonton's fat-bike riders now have monthly race to strut their stuff". Edmonton Journal. Edmonton, AB, Canada. Retrieved 7 Apr 2015.
External videos
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg "Why Canadians Can't Bike in the Winter (but Finnish people can)" on YouTube, Not Just Bikes, 26 January 2021
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