Gravel cycling

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Gravel cycling
Sunrise in Emporia.jpg
Waiting for Dirty Kanza (now Unbound Gravel) bike race to start at sunrise
Highest governing body UCI
First playedSince beginning of cycling; modern era began around 2006.
Presence
Olympic No

Gravel cycling, gravel biking or gravel grinding [1] is a sport or a leisure activity in which participants ride bicycles, mostly on gravel roads. The marketing man would have you believe that one must own a specially designed gravel bike to participate, when in fact any bicycle capable of covering the terrain can be used.

Contents

Gravel cycling bridges the gap between road and mountain biking, [2] combining the efficiency of road cycling with the capability to ride on rough and loose terrain of mountain biking. It allows riders more freedom to choose routes than road cycling, without many of the physical and equipment-related barriers of mountain biking. [2] Gravel cycling is nearly as old as cycling itself, with most significant developments in the racing side having occurred in the 20th century. Gravel racing as a discipline has its own global series and world championship.

About

Although the term "gravel cycling" has only been in popular use for about a decade, [3] the cycling style that it describes has been a significant part of the cycling world for much longer. Contrary to popular belief, gravel cycling does not necessarily have to take place upon a gravel road. Rather, riding on any unpaved surface is considered gravel cycling. [4] This includes gravel, dirt, rocky terrain, woodchips, and anything in between. Gravel routes frequently lead riders away from paved roads and other built environment, leaving them immersed in nature.

Gravel racing is a major part of the gravel cycling world. Some gravel races blur the line between ride and race, allowing riders to experience the thrill of a timed challenge while still enjoying the perseverance and comradery required to successfully complete a track. [5] Gravel races occur globally throughout the entire year, although American and European races receive the majority of media coverage in the cycling world. A small number of road races embrace long stretches of unpaved gravel roads, most notably, the prestigious Italian classic Strade Bianche.

History

End of 19th century - beginning of 20th century

In the early days of road bike racing, most roads were not paved, so most races were held primarily on unpaved/dirt/gravel roads. [6] One of the earliest examples is the Paris-Roubaix. The race started in 1896 and features over 150 miles of gravel and cobblestone roads. [3]

Due to road infrastructure improving with time, road bike racing shifted almost entirely to paved roads. In America, the use of paved roads was largely influenced by a group of cyclists called League of American Wheelmen, who advocated for improving road conditions. [7] Racing bikes got narrow tires and were no longer fit for off-road usage.

20th century

Next to road bike racing, separate off-road cycling disciplines emerged. In autumn and winter in a few European countries, cyclo-cross is a popular professional sport. Cyclo-crossers ride off-road (on grass, sand, mud...) on a variant of a road bicycle, on a closed circuit during a relatively short time (1 hour), and jump or carry their bikes over obstacles and steep climbs.

In the 1970s, mountain biking emerged. It took inspiration from gravel cycling in many ways, such as allowing riders to tackle tough, off road terrain and inspiring comradery between riders. Mountain biking ended up taking the off road aspect of gravel to the extreme, eventually requiring a different yet similar set of skills and equipment.

21st century

In the 21st century, riding and racing road bikes on gravel roads gained popularity. Gravel cycling, as a mixture of road cycling, cyclo-cross and mountain biking became a new discipline of cycling.

Gravel cycling received significant attention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lockdown procedures in many countries severely limited the number of activities many people could perform outside. Cycling as a whole requires little physical contact, which made it a popular option for people looking for something to do. Gravel cycling allowed riders to explore outside of any area they may have other been unable to leave. [3]

Gravel racing

The distinguishing features of gravel races, also called gravel grinders, include long distances, often 160 to 320 kilometres (100 to 200 mi), primarily behind held on gravel roads, and mass starts including all categories of racers, similar to Gran Fondo rides.

The bicycles and courses in gravel racing vary widely, from road bicycles with wide tires to bicycles that share characteristics with mountain bikes. When selecting a bicycle for a race, cyclists must have detailed knowledge of the course. The type of terrain, weather, length, and time of year all play significant roles in deciding what equipment riders use. [2]

Racing rules and culture

When taking Unbound Gravel as an example, there are checkpoints spaced about 80 kilometres (50 mi) apart for longer races, and riders must carry water and food, as well as fix their own tires and bikes. [8] [9]

If riders receive outside support at any location other than official checkpoints it will result in immediate disqualification. Riders may assist other riders by any means and at any time. [10] [11]

The culture of gravel biking has been a reason it has grown in popularity. Gravel races rarely call for a team of coaches and bicycle technicians. Gravel riders are generally focused on getting through a course rather than maintaining a pace during races. This give way to camaraderie on the trail and caters to a fun and relaxed atmosphere that is not always present in road and mountain bike races. [12]

Regions

United States

The revival started in the Mid-West of the USA, where gravel cycling evolved from cyclists riding long stretches of gravel and fire roads. Some precursors to gravel racing in its current form include road races like the Tour of the Battenkill and Boulder–Roubaix (named after Paris–Roubaix) which are road races with gravel sections.

One of the premiere gravel races, Unbound Gravel in Emporia, Kansas (formerly called Dirty Kanza), started in 2006 and is 320 kilometres (200 mi) long. [13] [14] Unbound Gravel is a good example of how much gravel biking has grown in recent years: in 2006 there was a total of 34 riders that participated in the 320-kilometre (200 mi) race. In June 2019, 2,750 riders lucky enough to be picked from a lottery crossed the start line of the Dirty Kanza 200 and organizers had to introduce other mileage categories. [15]

Barry-Roubaix [16] is an up to 160-kilometre (100 mi) road/off-road cycling race in Barry County, Michigan. The event is known as the World's Largest Gravel Road Race. [17]

The annual Arkansaw High Country Race in June is an approximately 1,600-kilometre (1,000 mi) self-supported (bikepacking) gravel race through the Ouachita and Ozark National Forests, with approximately 84,000 feet (26,000 m) of total elevation.

Europe

UK:

In Norway, Sweden and Finland, the Nordic Gravel Series are a series of gravel challenges.

World

Starting in 2010, the Pirate Cycling League in Lincoln, Nebraska started Gravel Worlds. Their grassroots movement gathered steam and as of 2022 is one of the largest gravel races in the world. In 2021, Gravel Worlds® received their registered trademark officially becoming THE Gravel Worlds. Thousands of riders from around the world race Gravel Worlds every year in Lincoln, Nebraska in late August. Champions of this event receive a world championship jersey, a pirate sword trophy, and the title of World Champion and "Captain of the Gravel Seas".

In 2021, the UCI announced they will sanction in 2022 both the Gravel World Series with about 18 races in 4 continents, and the UCI Gravel World Championships. This first edition of the Championship will be held in Veneto in October [19] and the Dutch champion, Mathieu van der Poel is amongst the favoris with Peter Sagan, Nicolas Roche and Alex Howes. [20]

Team USA has a team that races at Gravel Worlds. [21] In 2023, the team was led by Lauren Stephens and Keegan Swenson, both national champions. [22]

Gravel Rankings and World Championship

Gravel cycling as a whole has no governing body such as the UCI or USADA. Each race has its own rules, ethos, and character. Despite the balkanization of the races, a professional field of racers does exist, with each racer creating their own schedule of event to participate in. An independent organization called Pure Gravel has created a ranking system called the "Pure Gravel Power Rankings" [23] in order to score and rank professional gravel racers across the myriad gravel races throughout the year. A King and Queen of gravel are crowned at the end of every calendar year.

Gravel bicycle touring and bikepacking

Bikepacking with a gravel bicycle and a hammock in Brazil Gravel-camping.jpg
Bikepacking with a gravel bicycle and a hammock in Brazil

Riding on gravel roads has always been a part of bicycle touring, since its start in the 19th century. Due to a lack of paved roads in most regions, anyone partaking in an overnight bicycle ride had to prepare in a similar way to how modern gravel cyclists do. The bicycles they used shared characteristics with modern gravel bicycles. These bicycles were often sold as dedicated touring bicycles, and seen as variants of randonneur bicycles.

Since the 2010s, gravel cycling and gravel bicycles have been widely associated with bikepacking, a variant of bicycle touring. Bikepacking is a form of traveling by bike with lightweight luggage, mostly without bicycle racks or panniers. Also, bikepacking is usually off-road, making it more closely associated with gravel cycling.

Equipment

A gravel bicycle used for racing, with 46/30 chainrings and an 11-40 cassette giving a very wide spread of gears, and 650b wheels with 48 mm wide tires Titanium-frame-gravel-bicycle.jpg
A gravel bicycle used for racing, with 46/30 chainrings and an 11-40 cassette giving a very wide spread of gears, and 650b wheels with 48 mm wide tires

Bicycle

The bicycles that cyclists use in gravel races and gravel rides can vary widely (can also be mountain bikes, cyclo-cross bicycles or racing bicycles with wider tires, depending on the conditions).

However, since the 2010s, a dedicated type of bicycle is marketed as gravel bike to cover the new cycling discipline. Dedicated gravel group sets are available from three major vendors (Shimano, SRAM and Campagnolo). Compared to road groupsets, [24] gravel groupsets tend to have features from MTB groupsets like a clutched rear derailleur (to keep chain tension on when riding on uneven surfaces to avoid chain jumping), lower gearing options (lower than 1:1, bigger sprockets and/or smaller chainrings, like for example a super-compact 48/32T or 46/30T chainset and a 11-34T cassette), and a wider side-to-side chainline for more tire clearance. [24]

Gravel bikes, at first glance, look very similar to road bikes with their drop bars and lack of front or rear suspension.

Where gravel bikes differ from road bikes is that the bars are usually wider, geometry is adapted to be more comfortable riding offroad for long periods of time and modern gravel bikes will also feature a 1x drivetrain removing the front derailleur. Wheels are generally wider and forks and rear triangle and seats stays will allow for much wider tires to cope with the terrain and requirements of riding off-road.  [25] It is common for a gravel bike to have 35 to 50 millimeter (mm) tires, compared to 23–25 mm for a road bike.

The relaxed geometry of mountain bikes is the foundation of gravel bike frames but gravel bikes are lighter, faster and more responsive than a mountain bike. Gravel bikes also use characteristics of both cyclocross and road bikes for better comfort on long rides and the wheel clearance to accommodate rides done in torrential conditions (heavy rain).

Still, gravel bikes vary, and the different models cover a range between road racing bicycles and mountain bikes.

Tires

Gravel tires come in a variety of sizes and widths. The most common are 650b (27.5 inches) and 700c (29 inches). Tire width can vary from 30 to 50 millimeters (mm). The lower end of that range is closer to road bike tires, making them better suited for light off-road situations. The wider side approaches mountain bike tires and is well adapted to use on trails with large pebbles, sticks, and worse traction. If a tire becomes too wide, it won't fit in some bike frames, making maximum tire width a significant factor for riders purchasing new bicycles. [2] [4]

The rise of tubeless tires has not gone unnoticed in the gravel scene. Tubeless sealant's ability to effortlessly seal punctures, as well as run lower tire pressure has made it more common than traditional inner tubes in modern gravel cycling. [26]

Bags

Many modern gravel bikes have an excess of mounting points for external frame storage. [27] Bags are not required for shorter rides, but any gravel bicycle touring or bikepacking ride will doubtlessly feature them. One option is top tube bags. This allows for easy access to a mobile phone, wallet, or food, although it is limited by low capacity. Frame bags solve this issue of capacity. They can be made in a variety of shapes and sizes to suit any rider's need. Some bags mount behind the seat and can carry sleeping and cooking equipment, but a complete dismount is necessary to access them. [26]

Some riders forgo bags on their bicycles at all, instead opting for a fanny pack or backpack.

Additional

Health effects

Physical

As a cardiovascular activity, cycling has been proven to provide a variety of positive health benefits. It increases cardiovascular activity for youths [28] and elevates your heart rate to improve riders' circulatory systems. [29] This makes it a viable option to burn calories, manage weight, and decrease body fat percentage. Cycling uses every major muscle group in some capacity, providing an effective full body workout. [30] This improves muscular strength in a variety of areas. Cycling improves decision making, response time, and balance in older adults. [31]

Cycling is considerably more low-impact than many alternative exercise options. This increases joint health, as well as decreasing risk of injury. [29] [30]

Commuting via bicycle can be considered gravel cycling, depending on the terrain. Commuter cycling decreases all-cause mortality and cancer mortality. It also decreases the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. [28]

Psychological

Cycling reduces stress, improves mental health, and increases cognitive function. [29] Cycling triggers the brain to release endorphins, which can improve the mood of riders. It can also reduce anxiety and depression. [30]

Gravel biking in particular can exaggerate these effects by placing the rider in natural environments. Regularly spending time in nature can further reduce street and improve mental health. [32] Participating in group rides or races increases social interaction, which can lead to additional mental health improvements.

Environmental

Unpaved roads produce less pollution than the majority of paved roads. [27] Gravel and dirt paths are less likely to be harmful to local and global ecosystems. Choosing a bicycle over a fossil fuel emitting vehicle, such as a car, dramatically decreases a person's environmental impact. Fewer harmful chemicals are released into the air, noise pollution is cut down, and carbon emissions decrease. [33]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mountain bike</span> Type of bicycle

A mountain bike (MTB) or mountain bicycle is a bicycle designed for off-road cycling. Mountain bikes share some similarities with other bicycles, but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain, which often makes them heavier, more complex and less efficient on smooth surfaces. These typically include a suspension fork, large knobby tires, more durable wheels, more powerful brakes, straight, wide handlebars to improve balance and comfort over rough terrain, and wide-ratio gearing optimized for topography, application and a frame with a suspension mechanism for the rear wheel. Rear suspension is ubiquitous in heavier-duty bikes and now common even in lighter bikes. Dropper seat posts can be installed to allow the rider to quickly adjust the seat height.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mountain biking</span> Bicycle sport

Mountain biking is a sport of riding bicycles off-road, often over rough terrain, usually using specially designed mountain bikes. Mountain bikes share similarities with other bikes but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain, such as air or coil-sprung shocks used as suspension, larger and wider wheels and tires, stronger frame materials, and mechanically or hydraulically actuated disc brakes. Mountain biking can generally be broken down into distinct categories: cross country, trail, all mountain, enduro, downhill and freeride.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Racing bicycle</span> Bicycle designed for competitive road cycling

A racing bicycle, also known as a road bike is a bicycle designed for competitive road cycling, a sport governed by and according to the rules of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclo-cross</span> Form of bicycle racing

Cyclo-cross is a form of bicycle racing. Races typically take place in the autumn and winter, and consist of many laps of a short course featuring pavement, wooded trails, grass, steep hills and obstacles requiring the rider to quickly dismount, carry the bike while navigating the obstruction and remount. Races for senior categories are generally between 40 minutes and an hour long, with the distance varying depending on the ground conditions. The sport is strongest in the traditional road cycling countries such as Belgium, France and the Netherlands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyclo-cross bicycle</span> Bicycle designed for cyclo-cross racing

A cyclo-cross bike or cyclo-cross bicycle is a bicycle specifically designed for the rigors of a cyclo-cross race. Cyclo-cross bicycles roughly resemble the racing bicycles used in road racing. The major differences between the two are the frame geometry, and the wider clearances that cyclo-cross bikes have for their larger tires and mud and other debris that they accumulate.

Cycle sport is competitive physical activity using bicycles. There are several categories of bicycle racing including road bicycle racing, cyclo-cross, mountain bike racing, track cycling, BMX, and cycle speedway. Non-racing cycling sports include artistic cycling, cycle polo, freestyle BMX, mountain bike trials, hardcourt bike polo and cycleball. The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) is the world governing body for cycling and international competitive cycling events. The International Human Powered Vehicle Association is the governing body for human-powered vehicles that imposes far fewer restrictions on their design than does the UCI. The UltraMarathon Cycling Association is the governing body for many ultra-distance cycling races.

Hybrid bicycles blend characteristics from more specialized road bikes, touring bikes and mountain bikes. The resulting "hybrid" is a general-purpose bike that can tolerate a wide range of riding conditions and applications. Their stability, comfort and ease of use make them popular with novice cyclists, casual riders, commuters, and children.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Road bicycle racing</span> Bicycle racing sport

Road bicycle racing is the cycle sport discipline of road cycling, held primarily on paved roads. Road racing is the most popular professional form of bicycle racing, in terms of numbers of competitors, events and spectators. The two most common competition formats are mass start events, where riders start simultaneously and race to a set finish point; and time trials, where individual riders or teams race a course alone against the clock. Stage races or "tours" take multiple days, and consist of several mass-start or time-trial stages ridden consecutively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Downhill mountain biking</span> Style of mountain biking

Downhill mountain biking (DH) is a style of mountain biking practiced on steep, rough terrain that often features jumps, drops, rock gardens and other obstacles. Jumps can be up to and including 12 meters, and drops can be greater than 3 meters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Tomac</span> Croatian American professional cyclist (born 1967)

John Tomac is an American former professional cyclist who competed from 1985 to 2005. He was a versatile rider who competed in multiple disciplines including; BMX racing, cross-country, road racing, trials riding and downhill racing. Tomac became a mountain bike racing icon in the late 1980s as the sport began to develop beyond its formative years. At the time of his retirement in 2005, he had won more mountain bike races than anyone in the sport. In 1991 he was inducted into the Mountain Bike Hall of Fame and, in 2004 he was inducted into the United States Bicycling Hall of Fame.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glossary of cycling</span>

This is a glossary of terms and jargon used in cycling, mountain biking, and cycle sport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mountain bike racing</span> Competitive cycle sport discipline

Mountain bike racing is the competitive cycle sport discipline of mountain biking held on off-road terrain. The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) recognised the discipline relatively late in 1990, when it sanctioned the world championships in Durango, Colorado. The first UCI Mountain Bike World Cup series took place in 1988. Its nine-race circuit covered two continents—Europe and North America—and was sponsored by Grundig. Cross-country racing was the only World Cup sport at this time. In 1993, a six-event downhill World Cup was introduced. In 1996, cross-country mountain biking events were added to the Olympic Games. In 2006, cross-country mountain biking events became part of the World Deaf Cycling Championships for the first time in San Francisco, USA.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mixed terrain cycle touring</span> Method of cycle tourism

Mixed terrain cycle touring is the practice of cycling over a variety of surfaces and topography on a single route, with a single bicycle. The recent popularity of mixed terrain touring is in part a reaction against the increasing specialization of the bike industry.

The Tour Divide is an annual mountain biking ride traversing the length of the Rocky Mountains, from Canada to the Mexican border. Following the 2,745-mile (4,418 km) Great Divide Mountain Bike Route, it is an ultra-distance cycling ride that is an extreme test of endurance, self-reliance and mental toughness. The ride format is strictly self-supported, and it is not a stage race - the clock runs continuously from the start until riders cross the finish line, usually more than two weeks later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bikepacking</span> Packaging of a bicycle for bicycle touring

Bikepacking is how a bicycle is packed for bicycle touring. As with backpacking, lightweight packing is a popular topic within bicycle packing. Any kind of bicycle can be used for bikepacking, and specialized touring bicycles often have attachment points from the factory such as low riders and luggage carriers, but most types of bicycles can be equipped with a frame bag, saddle bag, top tube bag and handlebar bag.

The definition of ultra-distance cycling is far more vague than in ultra running or in ultra-triathlon. Any bike race or ride longer than a century ride, which is 100 miles (160 km), is sometimes considered to be ultra-distance cycling. However, such events are relatively common, so using a longer distance to define the category is more useful, such as any race or ride that is longer than 200 kilometres (120 mi), 300 kilometres (190 mi) or even a double century, 200 miles (320 km).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unbound Gravel</span> Gravel bicycle races held annually in Emporia, Kansas

Unbound Gravel, formerly known as the Dirty Kanza, is an event comprising gravel racing covering various distances held annually during the late spring on rural roads in the Flint Hills region of the Great Plains around Emporia, Kansas, United States. The race's organizers refer to the 200 miles (320 km) race as the "World's Premiere Gravel Grinder", and ranked as one of the top gravel bike races.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gravel bicycle</span> Type of bicycle made for both road and off-road

A gravel bicycle is a type of bicycle intended for gravel cycling, including gravel racing. They are also sometimes known as "adventure bicycles", particularly ones intended for harsher off-road terrain.

Tessa Neefjes is a Dutch racing cyclist, who currently rides for Giant Liv Benelux Offroad Team. She's the 2022 European Champion Mountain bike Beach race and the 2022 Dutch Champion Mountain bike Marathon. In 2022 she won two UCI Gravel World Series races in Millau and Houffalize and the Dutch Gravel Series.

References

  1. ↑ Farrel, Sean Patrick (11 June 2013). "Neither Wind Nor Gravel Will Stop These Grinders". The New York Times .
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Everything You Need to Know to Master Gravel". Bicycling. 13 April 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 Singleton, Hannah (14 September 2022). "Gravel Biking Is Picking Up Speed". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  4. 1 2 Robles, Roxy (31 August 2022). "The Basics of Gravel Riding". Adventure Cycling Association. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  5. ↑ "Gravel Racing". Bicycling. 14 April 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  6. ↑ "Gravel is as old as cycling! – Rene Herse Cycles". www.renehersecycles.com. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  7. ↑ "Gravel History". Gravel Cycling Hall of Fame. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  8. ↑ Taylor, Tom (14 June 2017). "What it's like to race in the Dirty Kanza 200". Sports Illustrated .
  9. ↑ Ian Dille (7 July 2015). The Cyclist's Bucket List: A Celebration of 75 Quintessential Cycling Experiences. Rodale. p. 120. ISBN   978-1-62336-446-5.
  10. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)". Dirty Kanza. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020.
  11. ↑ Legan, Nick (20 December 2017). Gravel Cycling: The Complete Guide to Gravel Racing and Adventure Bikepacking. VeloPress. ISBN   978-1-937716-98-1.
  12. ↑ "Gravel racing explained: the formats, bikes, equipment and why we love it". www.bikeradar.com. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  13. ↑ Ostanek, Daniel (16 June 2020). "Top 10 gravel races in the USA". Cyclingnews. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  14. ↑ "Extreme Race's Allure Is Simple: 200 Miles of Gravel". The New York Times . Associated Press. 23 May 2015.
  15. ↑ Jason Sumner,,"Bicycling"
  16. ↑ "Barry-Roubaix: Killer Gravel Road Race". www.barry-roubaix.com. Kisscross Events. 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  17. ↑ GCN's Top Five Gravel Events (video). Global Cycling Network (Play Sports Network/Discovery, Inc.). 31 May 2018. Event occurs at 1:02. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
  18. ↑ {{cite web |url=https://www.grallochgravel.com/
  19. ↑ "UCI Gravel World Championships 2022". cyclingnews.com. 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  20. ↑ Ryan, Barry (3 October 2022). "Mathieu van der Poel returns to action at inaugural Gravel World Championships". cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  21. ↑ "Gravel | Team USA". USA Cycling. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  22. ↑ Laura Weislo (18 September 2023). "Swenson, Stephens lead USA team at UCI Gravel World Championships". cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  23. ↑ "Gravel Power Rankings". Pure Gravel. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  24. 1 2 What’s the difference between a gravel groupset and a road groupset? - Pearson1860
  25. ↑ "What is Gravel Riding? - One Track Mind Cycling Magazine".
  26. 1 2 "Essential Gravel Goods and Gear". Bicycling. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  27. 1 2 "The Benefits of Gravel Biking and Why It's Ideal For The Environment – Shout Learning". shoutlearning.org. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  28. 1 2 Oja, P.; Titze, S.; Bauman, A.; de Geus, B.; Krenn, P.; Reger-Nash, B.; Kohlberger, T. (August 2011). "Health benefits of cycling: a systematic review". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 21 (4): 496–509. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01299.x. ISSN   0905-7188. PMID   21496106.
  29. 1 2 3 "The Benefits of Cycling for Physical and Mental Health". coleur.com. 12 January 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  30. 1 2 3 Services, Department of Health & Human. "Cycling - health benefits". www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  31. ↑ Rissel, Chris; Passmore, Erin; Mason, Chloe; Merom, Dafna (2013). "Two Pilot Studies of the Effect of Bicycling on Balance and Leg Strength among Older Adults". Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2013: 1–6. doi: 10.1155/2013/686412 . ISSN   1687-9805. PMC   3652161 . PMID   23690805.
  32. ↑ "Nurtured by nature: Psychological research is advancing our understanding of how time in nature can improve our mental health and sharpen our cognition". www.apa.org. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  33. ↑ Hallisey, Karen (11 May 2022). "How Riding a Bike Benefits the Environment". transportation.ucla.edu. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
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