List of doping cases in cycling

Last updated

The following is an incomplete list of doping cases and recurring accusations of doping in professional cycling, where doping means "use of physiological substances or abnormal method to obtain an artificial increase of performance." [1] It is neither a list of shame nor a list of illegality, as the first laws were not passed until 1965 and their implementation is an ongoing developing process. Thus the list contains doping incidents, those who have tested positive for illegal performance-enhancing drugs, prohibited recreational drugs or have been suspended by a sports governing body for failure to submit to mandatory drug testing. It also contains and clarifies cases where subsequent evidence and explanation has shown the parties to be innocent of illegal practice.

Contents

In 1963, the Council of Europe gave the following definition of doping:

"Doping is the administration to a normal subject in any possible way of a foreign agent or abnormal quantities of physiological substances with the sole purpose of increasing artificially and in an unfair manner the performance of the subject participating in a contest." [2]

The International Olympic Committee slightly modified this, and adopted this definition:

"The administration of or use by a competing athlete of any substance foreign to the body or any physiologic substance taken in abnormal quantity or taken by an abnormal route of entry into the body with the sole intention of increasing in an artificial and unfair manner his/her performance in competition. When necessity demands medical treatment with any substance which, because of its nature, dosage, or application is able to boost the athlete's performance in competition in an artificial and unfair manner, this too is regarded as doping." [3]

1880s

1886

In 1886, a Welsh cyclist is popularly reputed to have died after drinking a blend of cocaine, caffeine and strychnine, supposedly in the Bordeaux–Paris race. This was included in the 1997 International Olympic Committee study on the Historical Evolution of Doping Phenomenon, and listed as the presumed first death due to doping during a competition. The report did allow that in this period it was common practice, and not illegal. [1] This is alternatively reported as trimethyl poisoning. [3] However, the main Bordeaux–Paris race did not start until 1891, and the cyclist who supposedly died in 1886, Arthur Linton, actually finished second in 1896 and died a few weeks later, reportedly from a combination of drug-induced exhaustion and typhoid fever. [4] Linton was managed by the notorious Choppy Warburton - see 1896 below. [5] The story may be apocryphal.

1890s

1896

Nitroglycerine was used to stimulate the heart after cardiac attacks and was credited with improving riders' breathing. [10] Riders suffered hallucinations from the exhaustion and perhaps the drugs. The American champion Major Taylor refused to continue a New York race, saying: "I cannot go on with safety, for there is a man chasing me around the ring with a knife in his hand." [11]

1897

Warburton was banned from the sport after unproven claims of massive doping in the 1896 Bordeaux–Paris. His activities may have contributed to the early deaths of Arthur Linton, Tom Linton and Jimmy Michael. [13] [14]

1900s

1904

1910s

1911

1920s

1924

Henri Pelissier, 1919 1919pelissier.jpg
Henri Pelissier, 1919

1930s

1930

The acceptance of drug-taking in the Tour de France was so complete by 1930 that the rule book, distributed by Henri Desgrange, reminded riders that drugs would not be provided by the organisers. [20]

1940s

1949

1950s

1955

1956

1958

1959

1960s

1960

1962

The Wiel's-Groene Leeuw affair – At the stage from Luchon to Carcassonne of the 1962 Tour de France, twelve riders fell ill and said 'bad fish' was the cause. Tour doctor Pierre Dumas realized they had all been given the same drug by the same soigneur. [18] Hans Junkermann of Germany had been ill overnight so the start was delayed by 10 minutes, but at the first hill he got off his bike and sat by the roadside, telling onlookers "I ate bad fish at the hotel last night." [35] Eleven other riders abandoned the Tour that day, including the former leader, Willy Schroeders, the 1960 winner Gastone Nencini and a future leader, Karl-Heinz Kunde. Jacques Goddet wrote that he suspected doping but nothing was proven - other than that none of the hotels had served fish the previous night.

1964

France passed its first anti-doping law in November 1964. [36]

1965

Performance-enhancing drugs became illegal on 1 June 1965. The first riders to be caught were four amateurs, three Spanish (Luis Santamarina, Canet and Usamentiaga) and one Briton (Ken Hill), who were thrown out of the Milk Race when they tested positive for amphetamines after Professor Arnold Beckett first applied sensitive gas chromatographic techniques to monitor drug abuse. [3] [18] [42]

1966

On 29 July testing began at the Tour de France. Raymond Poulidor was the first rider to be tested in the Tour at the end of a stage to Bordeaux. He said "I was strolling down the corridor in ordinary clothes when I came across two guys who asked if I was a rider. They made me go into a room, I pissed into some bottles and they closed them without sealing them. Then they took my name, my date of birth, without asking for anything to check my identity. I could have been anyone, and they could have done anything they liked with the bottles." [44] The next morning, on the way to the Pyrenees, the riders climbed off, began walking and shouting protests. [45]

1967

1968

1969

1970s

1972

1973

1974

In 1974, an advance in testing caught 13 prominent riders including Herman Van Springel.

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

During the 1979 Tour de France, the leader of the mountains classification Giovanni Battaglin tested positive for doping in stage 13. He was penalized by 10 minutes in the general classification, lost the points that he earned in stage 13 and received 10 penalty points in the mountains classification. [71] Battaglin was still able to win the mountains classification.

Frans Van Looy and Gilbert Chaumaz also tested positive for doping during the Tour. [72] After the Tour de France had finished, Joop Zoetemelk was found to have used doping, which he confessed later. Zoetemelk was penalized by 10 minutes in the general classification, but kept his second place. [73]

1980s

1980

1982

1983

1984

Systematic blood doping at the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles. The U.S. cycling team's successes were coloured by revelations that riders had blood transfusions before their events, a practice known as blood-doping. The transfusions were to increase red blood cells in riders' blood. That would take more oxygen to their muscles. They received the blood of others with similar blood types. [91] The practice, instigated by national coach Eddie Borysewicz, was not against Olympic rules although Games medical guidelines discouraged it. Borysewicz and a colleague, Ed Burke, set up a clinic in a Los Angeles motel room and four of the seven athletes who had transfusions won medals. [92] The U.S. federation banned blood-doping in January 1985. Borysewicz and Burke were fined a month's pay. Mike Fraysse, a former president of the federation, was demoted from first to third vice-president. [93]

Riders who received transfusions included Steve Hegg, who won a gold and a silver, and Rebecca Twigg, Pat McDonough and Leonard Nitz who all won silver medals. The others who received transfusions were John Beckman, Mark Whitehead and Brent Emery. The rest of the team had refused. [91]

1986

1987

1988

The emergence of EPO - In the late 1980s a recombinant drug created for people suffering from kidney failure became a substance abused by athletes seeking enhanced stamina and performance. The drug is recombinant erythropoietin, known as EPO, which was developed by the Amgen company. Recombinant EPO is a bio-manufactured copy of a hormone normally produced in the kidney and was not detectable by any test at the time. [99]

EPO stimulates the bone marrow in order to increase red blood cell production and thus the body's ability to carry oxygen. A study of 15 Swedish athletes by the Stockholm Institute of Gymnastics and Sports found an improvement of nearly 10 percent in aerobic performance. "Average" red blood cell volume of the population at sea level is about 45% red blood cells. About 5% of the population has less than 40% red blood cell, which is defined as "anemia" and 5% of the population, including many world class athletes, have a natural red blood cells volume of 50%... 1% of the population has 54% red blood cell volume.

The increased thickness of the blood (above 70% red blood cells) increases the risk of blood clotting which can block blood vessels causing a heart attack or stroke, especially in the middle of the night when the heart's rate is lowest. Doctors and blood specialists concluded that the drug could have been implicated in the deaths of as many as 18 European professional bicycle racers between 1987 and 1991. One of them was Johannes Draaijer, a 27-year-old Dutch rider who finished 130th in the 1989 Tour de France, and died from a heart attack in February 1990. [99] Although the autopsy did not specify the cause of death, Draaijer's wife later told the German news magazine Der Spiegel that her husband became sick after using EPO. [99] [100] [101] [102]

1989

1990s

1990

The PDM Affair, In November 1997, Cyclingnews.com reported about an inquiry that had just been made public in The Netherlands. [110] This inquiry appeared to reveal doping in the PDM cycling team. The doctor of the team from between 1990 and 1991 was Wim Sanders who was the centre of the investigation which was reported to have been initiated when the General Manager of the team, Manfred Krikke, called the FIOD (Fiscal Information and Investigation Service) to investigate the medical business of the team. It was said that Wim Sanders supplied anabolic steroids and EPO to the team and was responsible for the "intralipid affair" of the 1991 Tour de France, [110] when the entire team withdrew due to what was reported at the time as food poisoning. [111] In a 2008 TV documentary; [112] team members and team doctor Wim Sanders explain how the cause was in fact careless storage of Intralipid, a nutritional aid with which the team members had been injected. [113]

According to cyclingnews.com, 1990 was the height of the drug taking in the team and during this year, two riders had to stop with acute heart problems; [110] whether this refers to stopping with professional cycling or performance-enhancing drugs is unclear. Team manager Gisbers denied any knowledge of doping in the team. [113]

1991

PDM. Some teams used sophisticated recovery techniques whereby riders were put on a drip during the night and fed nutrients such as Vitamin B12. This practice was blamed when the entire PDM team went down with a fever on the 10th Stage of the Tour de France. PDM management blamed a virus although only riders were infected. Ten days later a press release stated that the team had used recovery substances which were past their sell-by date. [18]

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

The Telekom Affair – In May 2007, several former riders admitted to using banned substances (including EPO) while riding for the team in the mid-1990s, including Erik Zabel, Rolf Aldag, Brian Holm, [144] Bjarne Riis, [152] Bert Dietz, Udo Bölts and Christian Henn including the seasons in which Riis and Jan Ullrich won the Tour de France. [142] Team doctors Andreas Schmid and Lothar Heinrich also confessed to participating and administering banned substances. The latter was Team Telekom's sporting director until 3 May 2007, when he was suspended following allegations published in former team member Jef d'Hont's book. [153]

On 25 May 2007, Riis issued a statement confessing to taking EPO, growth hormone and cortisone for five years, from 1993 to 1998, including during his victory in the 1996 Tour de France. [154] Earlier in the week, five of Riis' former teammates from Team Telekom confessed to having used banned substances during the 1990s when Riis won the Tour. [155] [156] Riis said that he bought and injected the EPO himself, and team coach Walter Godefroot turned a blind eye to the drug use on the team. [157] Riis was removed from the official record books of Tour de France, [158] but in July 2008 he was written back into the books along with additional notes about his use of doping.

1997

1998

The Festina Affair is the events that surround several doping scandals, doping investigations and confessions of riders to doping that occurred during and shortly after the 1998 Tour de France. The affair began when a large haul of doping products was found in a car of the Festina cycling team just before the start of the race, which led to a large-scale police investigation against the Festina Team, this was followed by the re-opening of a separate police investigation case into the TVM team, and a subsequent searching of many teams during the race for possession of illicit doping substances. The affair highlighted systematic doping and suspicion of a widespread network of doping in many teams of the Tour de France, and was characterised by the constant negative publicity of the cases, police searches of hotels, a spate of confessions by retired and current riders to doping, the detainment and arrest of many team personnel, protests by riders in the race, as well as mass withdrawal of several teams from the race.

1999

1999 Tour de France - In 2005 the French sports daily L'Équipe accused Lance Armstrong of using the performance-enhancing drug EPO during the race. For years, it had been impossible to detect the drug, called erythropoietin, until UCI began using a urine test for EPO in 2001. According to the newspaper, tests on 1999 urine samples were done to help scientists improve their detection methods. The newspaper said 12 samples had revealed EPO use, including six from Armstrong. [209] [210] In 2006 a UCI appointed independent lawyer, Emile Vrijman, released a report in 2006 claiming that Lance Armstrong should be cleared of any suspicion surrounding the retrospective testing of the 1999 Tour de France. Vrijman denounced the manner in which the doping laboratory in Châtenay-Malabry carried out its research, claiming that there were too many procedural and chain of custody gaps. [211] [212] The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) rejected it, calling it defamatory to WADA and its officers and employees, as well as the accredited laboratory involved. [213]

In that same year, a second French daily newspaper, Le Journal du Dimanche, reported that Spanish rider Manuel Beltrán, Danish Bo Hamburger and Colombian Joaquim Castelblanco were suspected of being among those whose frozen urine samples reportedly tested positive. [214]

2000s

2000

2001

2001 Giro d'Italia - The Giro was overshadowed by a series of scandals related to doping. Police raided the hotels of several teams during the race, uncovering a variety of banned substances. Italian Dario Frigo, who was fighting for the race lead at the time, was expelled from the race as a result. [235] The week prior to the raid saw Pascal Hervé and Riccardo Forconi expelled from the race after testing positive for EPO. Italian police carried out anti-drugs raids on a number of hotels in the town of San Remo where the participants of the race were staying. About 200 officers were involved in the raid. Police officers search the rooms of riders from all 20 teams, confiscating medicines. The organizers decided to cancel the 18th stage after second-placed Dario Frigo was sacked by Fassa Bortolo team after illegal drugs were found in his room. Frigo later admitted carrying them as security in case he needed a boost during the final stages of the race. Italian Marco Pantani was banned for six months after an insulin syringe was found in his room. On appeal the ban was lifted. [233]

2002

2003

Oil for Drugs was an Italian doping case against doctor Carlo Santuccione and a number of accomplices, started in 2003. He was accused of administering prohibited doping products to professional and amateur athletes, to enhance their performance as well as being involved in doping network across Italy. [280]

2004

2005

2006

2006 Tour de France was marred by doping scandals. Prior to the tour, numerous riders - including the two favourites Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso - were expelled from the Tour due to their link with the Operación Puerto doping case. After the end of the race, the apparent winner Floyd Landis was found to have failed a drug test after stage 17; Landis contested the result and demanded arbitration. On 20 September 2007 Landis was found guilty and suspended retroactive to 30 January 2007 and stripped of the 2006 Tour de France title making Óscar Pereiro the title holder. [324]

Operación Puerto doping case (meaning Operation Mountain Pass) [311] is a Spanish doping case against doctor Eufemiano Fuentes and a number of accomplices, started in May 2006. He is accused of administering prohibited doping products to 200 professional athletes, to enhance their performance. Tour de France's favorites Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso were expelled from the Tour de France before the race started.

2007

Positive doping tests

DateCyclistBanned substanceReference
4 MarchFlag of Italy.svg  Giuseppe Muraglia  (ITA) hCG Brown, Gregor (June 11, 2007). "Giuseppe Muraglia positive for hCG". Latest Cycling News. autobus.cyclingnews.com. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
24 AprilFlag of Spain.svg  Aketza Peña  (ESP) Nandrolone Abrahams, Ben; Johnson, Greg; Verkuylen, Paul (May 30, 2007). "Peña positive for nandrolone". First Edition Cycling News. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
8 JuneFlag of Germany.svg  Patrik Sinkewitz  (GER) Testosterone
19 JulyFlag of Italy.svg  Christian Moreni  (ITA) Testosterone
21 JulyFlag of Kazakhstan.svg  Alexander Vinokourov  (KAZ) Homologous transfusion
24 JulyFlag of Spain.svg  Iban Mayo  (ESP) EPO
1 AugustFlag of Kazakhstan.svg  Andrey Kashechkin  (KAZ) Homologous transfusion
24 DecemberFlag of the Netherlands.svg  Thomas Dekker  (NED) EPO

Doping cases

  • Ivan Basso of Italy was suspended by Discovery Channel on 24 April when the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) reopened his case on behalf of his involvement in the Operación Puerto doping case. On 30 April 2007 Team Discovery Channel announced that Basso would be released from his contract on Basso's request. [312] While still claiming to never have actually engaged in blood doping, Basso admitted contacting Dr. Fuentes' clinic with the intention to engage in blood doping. [313] On 15 June 2007, Basso received a two-year ban. The time he had already spent under team suspension whilst riding for CSC and temporary suspension since leaving Discovery were taken into consideration which meant his ban would end on 24 October 2008. [325]
  • Lorenzo Bernucci (Leonardo) of Italy tested positive for Sibutramine on 15 August and was fired from T-Mobile in September 2007. He purchased it over the counter at a pharmacy in Italy to help keep his weight under control and said he had been taking it for four years, unaware it had been added to the list of banned substances. [326] The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 1 year." [272]
  • Danilo Di Luca of Italy was revealed to have had unspecified low hormone levels in urine tests during the 2007 Giro d'Italia. Italian authorities investigated whether this was a natural consequence of racing at a high level for three weeks, or some kind of masking agent. [327] On 28 September, Di Luca withdrew from the UCI Road World Championships calling his treatment "a scandal" after he had been accused of doping allegations. [328] Di Luca was leading the 2007 UCI ProTour when he was suspended from the competition before the final race, the Giro di Lombardia, due to alleged involvement in the Oil for Drugs doping case, for which he received a three-month suspension through the close season. [329]
  • Marco Fertonani of Italy tested positive for using testosterone during the 2007 Tour Méditerranéen and was immediately suspended by the Caisse d'Epargne team. He is contesting the case, citing errors in the testing procedure at the laboratory. [330] [331] The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years". [272]
  • Alesandro Fatato of Italy "Failed to Comply" with the testing procedures in competition on 14 January 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 1 year." [272]
  • Franklin Gomes de Almeida of Brazil tested positive for Stanozolol 'in competition' on 12 April 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years." [272]
  • Serhiy Honchar of the Ukraine was sidelined from T-Mobile Team's 2007 Giro d'Italia squad after a blood test showed abnormalities in blood tests conducted during Liège–Bastogne–Liège and the Tour of Romandie. [332] Its contract was later terminated for violations of the Team Code of Conduct,. [333]
  • Mathias Kessler of Germany was suspended by Astana on 27 June 2007, for failing a drugs test for testosterone taken in Charleroi in April 2007. [334] He was then fired on 13 July. [335]
  • Christian Moreni of Italy tested positive for Testosterone 'in competition' on July 19, 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years.". [272] [336]
  • Giuseppe Muraglia of Italy tested positive for hCG after winning the 2007 edition of Clásica de Almería on 4 March 2007. [337] The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years.". [272] He was also sacked from his team, Acqua & Sapone. [338]
  • Magno Prado Nazaret of Brazil tested positive for Sibutramine 'in competition' on 27 April 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 8 months." [272]
  • Nathan O'Neill of Australia. On 6 November 2007 his contract with the Health Net Pro Cycling Team was terminated after a positive test for the appetite suppressant drug phentermine [339] O'Neill had a prescription for Phentermine, which meant his possession of it was legal, but its use failed to meet the guidelines of the UCI/WADA code and that set out by the team's medical director. [340]
  • Leonardo Piepoli of Italy tested positive for Salbutamol (>1000 ng/ml) on both 22 and 30 May 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "Acquitted due to medical reasons." [272]
  • Aketza Peña of Spain and the Euskaltel–Euskadi team tested positive for the anabolic steroid nandrolone on 30 May 2007. The sample was taken after stage one of the Giro del Trentino on 24 April and was announced during the 2007 Giro d'Italia. [341] The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years". [272]
  • Alessandro Petacchi of Italy tested positive for Salbutamol (>1000 ng/ml) 'in competition' on 23 May 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "Acquitted due to medical reasons. (under appeal by NADO and World Anti Doping Agency (WADA))". [272] [342] [343]
  • Juan Carlos Rojas Villegas of Costa Rica tested positive for Phentermine 'in competition' on 4 May 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years". [272]
  • José Antonio Pecharroman Fabian from Spain tested positive for Finasteride 'in competition' on 26 August 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years". [272]
  • Svetlana Semchouk of the Ukraine tested positive for cannabis 'in competition' on 27 September 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and warning". [272]
  • Patrick Sinkewitz of Germany tested positive for testosterone at the Tour de France 2007. Sinkewitz failed to start Stage 9 after colliding with a spectator the previous day. [344] On 18 July 2007, Sinkewitz "A" blood sample tested positive for using testosterone/doping and was on the same day suspended by his team T-Mobile. On 31 July 2007, Sinkewitz was fired by the T-Mobile team after he declined to have his "B" blood sample tested. [345] He also admitted to having used Testogel, a topically applied testosterone ointment. [345] On 3 November, he admitted using banned EPO and blood transfusions in the past. [346]
  • Marcin Sobiepanek of Poland tested positive for Norandrosterone 'in competition' on 21 October 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 2 years". [272]
  • Alexander Vinokourov of Kazakhstan tested positive for Homologous Blood Transfusion 'in competition' on 21 July 2007. The UCI summary of 'Decisions on Anti-Doping Rule Violations made in 2007' stated "disqualification and ineligibility for 1 year. (under appeal by UCI)". [272] [347]
  • On December 20, Iban Mayo's B sample result was confirmed as positive for EPO by the LNDD. On the same day, Björn Leukemans' B sample result was confirmed as being positive for artificial testosterone. Mayo was suspended for two years and never returned to cycling, Leukemans was suspended for the 2008 season. [348]

2007 Tour de France - The event was affected by a series of scandals and speculations related to doping. By the end of the Tour, two cyclists were dismissed for testing positive, the wearer of the yellow jersey, Michael Rasmussen was voluntarily retired by his team for lying about his whereabouts and missing doping tests. A fourth rider was confirmed to having used doping while in a training session prior to the 2007 Tour and a fifth rider tested positive late in the race, with his result being officially announced just after the end of the Tour. Along the way, two teams contesting the competition were asked to withdraw due to positive tests of at least one member.

2008

Positive doping tests

DateCyclistBanned substanceReference
3 MarchFlag of Spain.svg  Patxi Vila  (ESP) Testosterone [349]
11 AprilFlag of Argentina.svg  Maximiliano Richeze  (ARG) Stanozolol (steroid) [350]
28 JuneFlag of Italy.svg  Giovanni Carini  (ITA) EPO [351]
29 JuneFlag of Italy.svg  Paolo Bossoni  (ITA) EPO [351]
5 JulyFlag of Spain.svg  Manuel Beltrán  (ESP) EPO [352]
5 JulyFlag of Italy.svg  Marta Bastianelli  (ITA) Fenfluramine [353]
8 JulyFlag of Spain.svg  Moisés Dueñas  (ESP) EPO [354]
8 JulyFlag of Italy.svg  Riccardo Riccò  (ITA) MIRCERA [355]
23 JulyFlag of Italy.svg  Emanuele Sella  (ITA) MIRCERA [356]
24 JulyFlag of Kazakhstan.svg  Dmitry Fofonov  (KAZ) heptaminol [357]
31 JulyFlag of Spain.svg  Maria Moreno  (ESP) EPO [358]
7 OctoberFlag of Italy.svg  Leonardo Piepoli  (ITA) MIRCERA [359]
7 OctoberFlag of Germany.svg  Stefan Schumacher  (GER) MIRCERA [359]
12 OctoberFlag of Austria.svg  Bernhard Kohl  (AUT) MIRCERA [360]

Doping cases

  • Igor Astarloa had his contract terminated in May 2008 by Team Milram following disclosures that he had shown irregular blood values. [361]
  • Manuel Beltrán tested positive for EPO after the first stage of the Tour de France. The news broke on 11 July 2008. Blood abnormalities before the Tour start had led French anti-doping agency AFLD to target the rider. Beltrán's team Liquigas withdrew him from the tour with immediate effect. French police questioned Beltrán over possible offences, and searched his hotel room. The B-Sample has not yet been tested. [362] [ citation needed ]
  • Tom Boonen tested positive for cocaine in a test on 26 May 2008. Since this was outside competition he did not face sanctions by the UCI or WADA but was barred from the 2008 Tour de France. [363] [364]
  • Paolo Bossoni tested positive for EPO after placing sixth at the Italian National Road Race Championships. [365]
  • Giovanni Carini tested positive for EPO after winning the Elite without contract category at the Italian Championships in Boltiere. [365]
  • Moisés Dueñas was withdrawn from the Barloworld team before the 11th stage of the Tour de France on 16 July. The official statement from ASO stated that he had tested positive for EPO at the end of the time trial fourth stage. [366] The Barloworld team announced two days later that they were withdrawing from sponsorship after the 2008 Tour de France. [367]
  • Danilo Di Luca's appeal was rejected by the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). He had sought to reverse a three-month ban he served for his involvement in the Oil for Drugs doping case. The CAS also rejected the appeal by the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI), which sought to increase the ban to two years. [368]
  • Dmitry Fofonov tested positive for the banned stimulant heptaminol after the 18th stage of the 2008 Tour de France. Fofonov had completed the race in nineteenth place, and was fired by Crédit Agricole after the team was made aware of the positive test. [369]
  • Vladimir Gusev was fired from the Astana Team as a result of irregular values detected by its internal anti-doping program run by Doctor Rasmus Damsgaard. [370] However, on June 15, 2009, the Court of Arbitration for Sport decided in Gusev's favor, declared that Astana was wrong in the firing, and ordered that they compensate Gusev for back-pay, legal costs, and damages. [371]
  • Floyd Landis lost his final appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. It was concluded from the evidence presented that the presence of exogenous testosterone or its precursors or metabolites in Floyd Landis' sample proved that he violated the anti-doping rules of the UCI. Landis served a full two-year suspension that is back-dated to 30 January 2007. Additionally, Landis was ordered to pay $100,000 in costs to the USADA. [372]
  • Eddy Mazzoleni was handed a two-year ban in April 2008 by the Italian Cycling Federation (FCI) for his involvement in the Oil for Drugs affair. The FCI also banned 28-year-old former Ceramica Flaminia rider Domenico Quagliariello for life for his involvement in the same affair. [373]
  • Maria Moreno of Spain tested positive for EPO at the Beijing Olympics on 31 July. She left China on the day of the test, before the results were published, and reports in Spain claimed an 'anxiety attack'. IOC communications director Giselle Davies said: "She was tested in the Village and she had already left China that evening before having had the result. The test has come back positive for EPO. The disciplinary commission has ruled that she should be excluded from the Games and have her accreditation withdrawn." The IOC passed the case to the UCI for follow up. [374]
  • Alessandro Petacchi was suspended for one year by the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) for having tested positive for an asthma medication during the 2007 Giro d'Italia. [375]
  • The Portuguese cycling team LA-MSS had its headquarters searched by police where illegal products were discovered, such as doping substances, medications, equipment to conduct blood transfusions and instruments for clinical use. [376] In June 2008, the Portuguese Cycling Federation (UVP/FCP) suspended nine members of the team temporarily pending the outcome of the investigation; five of which were riders and four were team staff. [377]
  • Michael Rasmussen was handed a two-year suspension by the Monaco cycling federation for missed controls before the 2007 Tour de France. [378]
  • Riccardo Riccò was kicked out of the 2008 Tour de France on 17 July 2008, after reports that a urine sample tested positive for MIRCERA, a new type of EPO, at the end of stage 4. [379] [380] There had not previously been any public acknowledgment that a test for the new drug was being administered, or had even been developed yet. The Tour de France testing was done under the auspices of the French Cycling Federation and the French Anti-Doping Agency, not the Union Cycliste Internationale. [381] [382]
  • Leonardo Piepoli, winner of stage 10 of the 2008 Tour de France, was sacked by his team for "violation of the team's ethics code" the following day, though no positive test had been reported by that date. [383] He confessed to his team manager that he had used MIRCERA, a new 'third generation' type of EPO, the same drug used by his teammate Riccardo Riccò. [384] On 7 October it was reported that Piepoli had tested positive for Continuous Erythropoiesis Receptor Activator on 4 July and 15 July. [385]
  • Maximiliano Richeze tested positive for the anabolic steroid stanozolol before the start of the 2008 Giro d'Italia, which resulted in his expulsion from the race, but later the case was dismissed by the Argentinian federation since it was proven Richeze was not to blame. [386] Richeze did however lose the appeal at CAS and was handed a two-year ban. [387]
  • Emanuele Sella tested positive for CERA, the third generation EPO, in an out of competition control performed on 23 July 2008. UCI President Pat McQuaid noted that Sella had been targeted based on his actions in and out of racing. At the 2008 Giro d'Italia, Sella had won the mountains classification and three stages. [388]
  • Ondřej Sosenka of the Czech Republic, who broke the UCI hour record in 2005, tested positive for the banned stimulant methamphetamine and its metabolites during his national time trial championships in June 2008. He faced a suspension and did not come back to professional racing. [389]
  • During the Vuelta a Colombia six riders returned positive doping controls. It was not revealed which substance caused the findings for Rafael Montiel, Juan Guillermo Castro, Camilo Gómez, Carlos Ospina Hernandez, Hernán Buenahora and Giovanni Barriga. [390]
  • In May 2008 the UCI revealed that 23 riders were under suspicion of doping following the first phase of blood tests conducted under the new biological passport established at the start of the season. [391] A biological passport is an individual, electronic record for each rider, in which the results of all doping tests over a period of time are collated. Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athlete's established levels outside permissible limits, rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances. [392]

2009

2010s

2010

2011

2012

Sanctions after investigations

CaseBanned substances/methodsSanctionReference
Flag of the United States.svg  Lance Armstrong  (USA)USADA Cycling investigationUse, possession, trafficking, administration of prohibited substances and methods and assisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting, covering up or any other type of complicity involving one or more anti-doping rule violations and/or attempted anti-doping rule violations.Life ban + loss of results from 1 August 1998 – 2012 [463]
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Michael Barry  (CAN)USADA's U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Investigation Cortisone, EPO, hGH, Testosterone, Tetracosactide 6 months + loss of results [464]
Flag of the United States.svg  Tom Danielson  (USA)USADA's U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Investigation Blood transfusions, Cortisone, EPO, hGH, Testosterone 6 months + loss of results [465]
Flag of Italy.svg  Michele Ferrari  (ITA)USADA Cycling investigationLife ban [463]
Flag of the United States.svg  George Hincapie  (USA)USADA's U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Investigation Blood transfusions, EPO, hGH, Testosterone 6 months + loss of results [466]
Flag of the United States.svg  Levi Leipheimer  (USA)USADA's U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Investigation Actovegin, Blood transfusions, EPO, Testosterone 6 months + loss of results [467]
Flag of Spain.svg  Luis Garcia del Moral  (ESP)USADA Cycling investigationLife ban [463]
Flag of Italy.svg  Michele Scarponi  (ITA)Working with banned doctor Michele Ferrari 3 months [468]
Flag of the United States.svg  Christian Vande Velde  (USA)USADA's U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Investigation Actovegin, Cortisone, EPO, hGH, Testosterone, Tetracosactide 6 months + loss of results [469]
Flag of Italy.svg  Giovanni Visconti  (ITA)Working with banned doctor Michele Ferrari 3 months [470]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Matt White  (AUS) EPO, hGH, Testosterone 6 months [471]
Flag of the United States.svg  David Zabriskie  (USA)USADA's U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team Investigation EPO, hGH, Testosterone 6 months + loss of results [472]

Admissions of doping in the past

CyclistBanned substances/methodsReference
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Michael Barry  (CAN) Cortisone, EPO, hGH, Testosterone, Tetracosactide [464]
Flag of the United States.svg  Tom Danielson  (USA) Blood transfusions, Cortisone, EPO, hGH, Testosterone [465]
Flag of Italy.svg  Graziano Gasparre  (ITA) Amphetamine, Cocaine, EPO, hGH, Testosterone [473]
Flag of the United States.svg  George Hincapie  (USA) Blood transfusions, EPO, hGH, Testosterone [466]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Stephen Hodge  (AUS) Cortisone, EPO [474]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Steven de Jongh  (NED) EPO [475]
Flag of the United States.svg  Bobby Julich  (USA) EPO [476]
Flag of Norway.svg  Steffen Kjærgaard  (NOR) EPO, Cortisone [477]
Flag of the United States.svg  Levi Leipheimer  (USA) Actovegin, Blood transfusions, EPO, Testosterone [467]
Flag of Germany.svg  Jan Ullrich  (GER)Admitted to dealings with Dr. Eufemiano Fuentes [478]
Flag of the United States.svg  Christian Vande Velde  (USA) Actovegin, Cortisone, EPO, hGH, Testosterone, Tetracosactide [469]
Flag of the United States.svg  Jonathan Vaughters  (USA) Actovegin, Cortisone, EPO [479] [480]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Martin Vinnicombe  (AUS) [481]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Matt White  (AUS) EPO, hGH, Testosterone [471]
Flag of the United States.svg  David Zabriskie  (USA) EPO, hGH, Testosterone [472]

Positive doping tests

DateCyclistEventRaceBanned substanceSanctionReference
21 FebruaryFlag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Wendy Cruz  (DOM) Road EPO 2 years [482]
21 FebruaryFlag of Russia.svg  Alexander Serebryakov  (RUS) Road Out of competition test (retested in 2013) EPO 4 years (second violation) [483]
21 FebruaryFlag of Uruguay.svg Pablo Pintos (URU) EPO 2 years [482]
24 FebruaryFlag of the Dominican Republic.svg Marco Degaldo (DOM) Boldenone 2 years [482]
25 FebruaryFlag of Argentina.svg  Matías Médici  (ARG) Road Rutas de América EPO 2 years [482]
4 MarchFlag of South Africa.svg Jaco Rheeder (RSA) MTB (Amateur)Argus Mountain Bike Race Methamphetamine 2 years [484]
22 MarchFlag of Russia.svg  Denis Galimzyanov  (RUS) Road Out of competition test EPO 2 years [485]
1 AprilFlag of the United States.svg Shelby Stacy (USA) BMX US BMX National Championships Methylhexaneamine 6 months [486]
5 AprilFlag of Uruguay.svg Fernando Augusto Mendez Garcia (URU)Exogenous Steroid2 years [482]
10 AprilFlag of Hong Kong.svg  Steven Wong  (HKG) Road Out of competition testExogenous Steroids2 years [482]
15 AprilFlag of the United States.svg Julio Cruz (USA) (Age 43) Road (Masters)Parkland Circuit - BBPA Methylhexaneamine 6 months [487]
15 AprilFlag of Russia.svg Alexey Lomilov (RUS) MTB Fenoterol 3 months [482]
24 AprilFlag of Bulgaria.svg  Ivaïlo Gabrovski  (BUL) Road Tour of Turkey EPO 2 years [488]
1 MayFlag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Jonas Elmiger (SUI) Road Rund um den Finanzplatz Failed to submit to sample collection16 months [482]
6 MayFlag of Slovenia.svg  Blaž Furdi  (SLO) Road Großer Preis Sportland Niederösterreich Poysdorf Amphetamine 2 years [489] [490]
19 MayFlag of South Africa.svg Andries van Straaten (RSA) Road (Amateur) Methylhexaneamine 6 months [484]
20 MayFlag of the United States.svg David Anthony (USA) (Age 45) Road (Amateur)Gran Fondo New York EPO 2 years [491]
20 MayFlag of Italy.svg Gabriele Guarini (ITA) (Age 49) Road (Amateur)Gran Fondo New York EPO 2 years [492]
24 MayFlag of Ukraine.svg  Volodymyr Bileka  (UKR) Road Tour of Trakya Norpseudoephedrine 4 years (second violation) [482]
26 MayFlag of the United States.svg  Monica Bascio  (USA) Para-cycling UCI Para-cycling Road World Cup in Rome Tuaminoheptane 3 months [493] [494]
30 MayFlag of Finland.svg  Matti Helminen  (FIN) Road Tour de Luxembourg Probenecid 2 years [495]
11 JuneFlag of Italy.svg  Stefano Di Carlo  (ITA) Road Stanozolol 2 years [482]
12 JuneFlag of Lithuania.svg  Rasa Leleivytė  (LIT) Road Out of competition test EPO 2 years [496]
14 JulyFlag of Luxembourg.svg  Fränk Schleck  (LUX) Road Tour de France Xipamide 1 year [497]
24 JulyFlag of Russia.svg  Viktoria Baranova  (RUS) Track 2012 Summer Olympics Testosterone 2 years [482]
8 AugustFlag of Spain.svg  José Belda  (ESP) Road Vuelta Ciclista a León Methylphenidate 2 years [482]
11 AugustFlag of Poland.svg  Sylwester Janiszewski  (POL) Road Memorial Henryk Lasak Androstatrienedione 2 years [482]
25 AugustFlag of Italy.svg  Mariano Giallorenzo  (ITA) Road Coppa Placci Norpseudoephedrine 1 year [482]
29 AugustFlag of South Africa.svg  David George  (RSA) MTB EPO 2 year [498]
11 SeptemberFlag of Bulgaria.svg  Yovcho Yovchev  (BUL) Road Tour of Bulgaria Amphetamine 4 years [482]
21 SeptemberFlag of France.svg  Steve Houanard  (FRA) Road Out of competition test EPO 2 years [482] [499]
30 SeptemberFlag of Germany.svg Erick Irmisch (GER) MTB IXSGerman Downhill Cup Cocaine 1 year [482]
30 SeptemberFlag of the United States.svg Cyril Jay-Rayon (USA) MTB USA Cycling Mountain Bike 24-Hour National Championships Modafinil 18 months [500]
7 OctoberFlag of Slovakia.svg  Pavol Polievka  (SVK) Road Grand Prix Chantal Biya Stanozolol, T/E Ratio˃4, 19-Norandrosterone 4 years [482]
21 October + 18 NovemberFlag of Belarus.svg  Tatsiana Sharakova  (BLR) Track UEC European Track Championships Tuaminoheptane 18 months [482]
23 DecemberFlag of Costa Rica.svg Alan Jose Morales Castillo (CRC) Road Vuelta Ciclista a Costa Rica GW501516 2 years [482]
23 OctoberFlag of Senegal.svg Becaye Traore (SEN) Road Tour du Faso Niketamide 2 years [482]
20 DecemberFlag of Costa Rica.svg Marco Salas (CRC) Road Vuelta Ciclista a Costa Rica Clostebol 1 year [482]
25 DecemberFlag of Costa Rica.svg Pablo Muddara (CRC) Road Vuelta Ciclista a Costa Rica GW501516 2 years [482]
27 & 29 DecemberFlag of Costa Rica.svg Steven Villalobos Azofeifa (CRC) Road Vuelta Ciclista a Costa Rica GW501516 2 years [482]
28 DecemberFlag of Costa Rica.svg Paulo Vargas Barrantes (CRC) Road Vuelta Ciclista a Costa Rica GW501516 12 years [482]

Doping cases

  • On 19 January, amateur French rider Alexandre Dougnier (Athletic Club de Boulogne-Billancourt) was banned for three years by the FFC after a urine sample taking in May 2011 tested positive for twelve prohibited substances, thought to be a record number in an individual case. [501]
  • On 6 February the Court of Arbitration for Sport handed Alberto Contador a two-year sanction for his positive test for clenbuterol at the 2010 Tour de France. [502] The ban means Contador will lose race results dating back to and including the 2010 Tour de France. The ban ended on August 5, 2012, allowing him to ride in the 2012 Vuelta a España. Contador won, his first race on this return.
  • On 16 April, it was announced that Denis Galimzyanov of Team Katusha had been provisionally suspended after he tested positive for EPO in an out-of-competition test on March 22. [485] He subsequently admitted the charge and waived the B sample testing. [503] In December, it was announced that Galimzyanov was suspended for two years, starting retroactively on 13 April 2012. [504]
  • On 30 May, Matti Helminen tested positive for Probenecid at the Tour de Luxembourg, He received a two-year suspension. [495]
  • On 13 June, the USADA sent a letter to cyclist Lance Armstrong, team leader Johan Bruyneel, doctor Michele Ferrari, team doctors Pedro Celaya and Luis Garcia del Moral, and trainer Jose Pepe Martí) charging them with conspiring in doping between 1998 and 2011. [505]
  • On 10 July, police raided Cofidis hotel and took Remy di Gregorio into custody, effectively withdrawing him from the Tour de France he was competing in at the time. This is related to a doping affair which happened in 2011 when di Gregorio was riding for Astana. [506] In April 2013, with the investigation still ongoing, Di Gregorio was cleared to race again. [507]
  • On 10 July, the USADA issued lifetime bans for Michele Ferrari, Luis Garcia del Moral, and Jose Pepe Marti in relation to the doping conspiracy charges. [508] Jose Pepe Marti later opted to have his case taken in arbitration, and the USADA agreed to the request, suspending his lifetime ban. [509]
  • On 17 July, Fränk Schleck was removed from the Tour de France by his team RadioShack-Nissan during the second rest day after his A-sample returned traces of Xipamide. [510] Schleck's B-sample confirmed the positive result, and Schleck claims he was poisoned. [511] In January 2013, it was announced that Schleck was handed a ban of one year by the Luxembourg Anti-Doping Agency, who specified that it was a "verdict of accidental contamination" and the traces of Xipamide were very low. [512] The ban has been retrospectively applied, so Schleck will be able to compete again after 14 July 2013. [513]
  • On 18 July, it was announced that Bulgarian Ivailo Gabrovski had tested positive for EPO with his A sample after winning the third stage of the Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey in Elmalı. He subsequently won the Tour, but could face a ban and the loss of his title if the B sample is positive. [514] On 14 September, the news reported that the B sample turned out positive too, and the UCI was awaiting official sanctions from the Bulgarian Federation to cancel Gabrovski's win. [515]
  • On 18 July, information was released to the press stating that Lithuanian female rider Rasa Leleivytė had failed a doping test on June 12 of the same year and that her A sample was consistent with the use of EPO. [516]
  • On 23 August, Lance Armstrong declined to proceed to arbitration and contest the charges of systematic doping levied against him by the United States Anti-Doping Agency. [517] Thus, Armstrong was deemed guilty of doping and banned for life, and USADA disqualified his results from 1 August 1998. [518]
  • On 29 August, mountainbiker and former road cyclist David George tested positive for EPO. [519] He received a two-year suspension. [498]
  • On 29 August, it was announced that 47-year-old Soren Svenningsen had tested positive for three banned substances in an amateur race on June 30 of the same year. Svenningsen was a board member of the Danish Cycling Union and of the Clearidium anti-doping agency. He resigned from the Cycling Union. [520]
  • On 7 September, UCI president Pat McQuaid said the UCI has asked the USADA to provide the UCI with the files of Tom Danielson, Christian Vande Velde and David Zabriskie after their team manager, Jonathan Vaughters, suggested that the three had doped in the past. [521] [522]
  • On 9 October, it was announced that Steve Houanard failed an off-competition doping test performed on 21 September 2012. His A-sample was consistent with the use of EPO and he was provisionally suspended by the UCI. [499] Houanard accepted a 2-year ban on 18 January 2013. [523]
  • On 10 October, USADA announced that Levi Leipheimer, Christian Vande Velde, David Zabriskie, Tom Danielson, Michael Barry and George Hincapie had admitted to doping at U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team and that they were suspended for six months. [524] Hincapie and Barry had retired earlier in the season while Team Omega Pharma-Quickstep terminated Leipheimers contract a week later, [525] and he eventually had to retire from pro cycling as he could not get a new contract. Zabriskie, Danielson and Vande Velde came back after the suspensions, but two of them retired after the 2013 season, with only Danielson still riding pr. 2014.
  • On 10 October USADA published its Reasoned Decision with appendices and supporting material of their investigation into doping at the US Postal and Discovery teams, a 1000+ pages long document. The document was made public for everyone to read at USADA's website, with only some names redacted from affidavits. [526] [527]
  • On 12 October, the Radioshack-Nissan-Trek team sacked general manager Johan Bruyneel as a consequence of the USADA doping investigation and the revelations of the USADA reasoned decision documents. [528]
  • On 13 October, as a consequence of the USADA doping investigation, Matt White admits to doping while at US Postal. He steps down from his job in the management of Pro Tour team Orica-GreenEDGE and as selector for the Australian national team. [529]
  • On 17 October, as a consequence of the USADA doping investigation and the revelations of the USADA reasoned decision documents, Team Sky announces that riders and staff will have to sign an anti-doping declaration confirming that they have no past or present involvement in doping, a zero tolerance policy to doping. Anyone not signing will have to leave the team. [530]
  • On 18 October, Stephen Hodge admits to doping in the past and steps down from his role as vice president of Cycling Australia. [531] [532]
  • On 19 October, Rabobank announced that they would end their sponsorship of the professional men's and women's teams as a consequence of the USADA doping investigation and the revelations of the USADA reasoned decision documents. [533] [534] They later changed their mind about the women's team.
  • On 22 October, UCI ratifies USADA's ban of Lance Armstrong. [535] [536] At the press conference, UCI president Pat McQuaid said that "Lance Armstong has no place in cycling." [537] McQuaid also called whistleblowers Floyd Landis and Tyler Hamilton "scumbags." [538]
  • On 23 October, as a consequence of the USADA doping investigation, Steffen Kjærgaard admitted to doping in the past. [539] The substances he used were EPO, cortisone, and other illegal drugs. Kjærgaard had been the director for the Norwegian Cycling Federation for several years after his retirement from cycling, and was immediately removed from the position. [540]
  • On 25 October, Bobby Julich, in the wake of USADAS Reasoned Decision and as a result of Skys zero tolerance policy, admits to doping in the past and leaves his job as race coach at Team Sky. [476] [541]
  • On 26 October, the UCI Management Committee announced its decision to not reallocate the Tour victories or any other of Armstrongs results in the period between 1998 and 2005. The ruling extended "from now on to any competitive sporting results disqualified due to doping for the period from 1998 to 2005, without prejudice to the statute of limitation." [542] [543]
  • On 28 October, it becomes known that sports directors Sean Yates and Steven de Jongh are leaving Team Sky. [544] [545]
  • On 29 October, Steven de Jongh admits to doping in the past [475] and Team Sky confirms that he is leaving the team. [546]
  • On 2 November, WADA announces that it is not going to appeal USADAs decision on Lance Armstrong. [547] [548]
  • On 20 November, CONI asks for 3-month suspensions for Michele Scarponi and Giovanni Visconti for having worked with banned doctor Michele Ferrari. [549] [550]
  • On 30 November, Martin Vinnicombe admits to doping in the past. [481] [551]

2013

Admissions of doping in the past

CyclistBanned substances/methodsReference
Flag of the United States.svg  Lance Armstrong  (USA)Blood transfusions, Cortisone, EPO, hGH, Testosterone [552]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Michael Boogerd  (NED)Blood transfusions, Cortisone, EPO [553]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Eddy Bouwmans  (NED) Cortisone, EPO, Testosterone [554]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Thomas Dekker  (NED)Blood transfusions, EPO [555]
Flag of France.svg  Jacky Durand  (FRA) EPO [556]
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Ryder Hesjedal  (CAN) EPO [557]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Rudi Kemna  (NED) EPO [558]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Marc Lotz  (NED) Cortisone, EPO [559] [560]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Danny Nelissen  (NED) EPO [561]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Stuart O'Grady  (AUS) EPO [556]
Flag of Denmark.svg  Michael Rasmussen  (DEN)Blood transfusions, Cortisone, DHEA, EPO, hGH, IGF-1, Insulin, Testosterone [562]
Flag of Denmark.svg  Rolf Sørensen  (DEN) Cortisone, EPO [563]

Doping cases

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020s

2022

See also

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References

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