1999 Tour de France

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1999 Tour de France
Route of the 1999 Tour de France.png
Route of the 1999 Tour de France
Race details
Dates3–25 July 1999
Stages20 + Prologue
Distance3,870 km (2,405 mi)
Winning time91h 32' 16"
Results
  Winner Lance Armstrong none [lower-alpha 1]
  SecondFlag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Alex Zülle  (SUI) (Banesto)
  ThirdFlag of Spain.svg  Fernando Escartín  (ESP) (Kelme–Costa Blanca)

Jersey green.svg PointsFlag of Germany.svg  Erik Zabel  (GER) (Team Telekom)
Jersey polkadot.svg MountainsFlag of France.svg  Richard Virenque  (FRA) (Polti)
  YouthFlag of France.svg  Benoît Salmon  (FRA) (Casino–Ag2r Prévoyance)
Jersey red number.svg CombativityFlag of France.svg  Jacky Durand  (FRA) (Lotto–Mobistar)
  Team Banesto
  1998
2000  

The 1999 Tour de France was a multiple stage bicycle race held from 3 to 25 July, and the 86th edition of the Tour de France. It has no overall winner—although American cyclist Lance Armstrong originally won the event, the United States Anti-Doping Agency announced in August 2012 that they had disqualified Armstrong from all his results since 1998, including his seven consecutive Tour de France wins from 1999 to 2005 (which were, originally, the most wins in the event's history); the Union Cycliste Internationale confirmed the result.

Contents

There were no French stage winners for the first time since the 1926 Tour de France. Additionally, Mario Cipollini won four stages in a row, setting the post-World War II record for consecutive stage wins (breaking the record of three, set by Gino Bartali in 1948.)

Teams

After the doping controversies in the 1998 Tour de France, the Tour organisation banned some riders from the race, including Richard Virenque, Laurent Roux and Philippe Gaumont, manager Manolo Saiz and the entire TVM–Farm Frites team. [3] Virenque's team Polti then appealed at the UCI against this decision, and the UCI then forced the organisers of the Tour, Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), to allow Virenque and Saiz entry in the Tour. [4] Initially, the Vini Caldirola team had been selected, but after their team leader Serhiy Honchar failed a blood test in the 1999 Tour de Suisse, the ASO removed Vini Caldirola from the starting list, and replaced them by Cantina Tollo–Alexia Alluminio, the first reserve team. [5] Each team was allowed to field nine cyclists. [6]

The teams entering the race were: [6]

Qualified teams

Invited teams

Route and stages

The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,642 m (8,668 ft) at the summit of the Col du Galibier mountain pass on stage 9. [7] [8]

Stage characteristics and winners [9] [10] [11]
StageDateCourseDistanceTypeWinner
P 3 July Le Puy du Fou 6.8 km (4.2 mi)Time Trial.svg Individual time trial Flag of the United States.svg  Lance Armstrong  (USA) [lower-alpha 1]
1 4 July Montaigu to Challans 208.0 km (129.2 mi)Plainstage.svgPlain stageFlag of Estonia.svg  Jaan Kirsipuu  (EST)
2 5 July Challans to Saint-Nazaire 176.0 km (109.4 mi)Plainstage.svgPlain stageFlag of Belgium (civil).svg  Tom Steels  (BEL)
3 6 July Nantes to Laval 194.5 km (120.9 mi)Plainstage.svgPlain stageFlag of Belgium (civil).svg  Tom Steels  (BEL)
4 7 July Laval to Blois 194.5 km (120.9 mi)Plainstage.svgPlain stageFlag of Italy.svg  Mario Cipollini  (ITA)
5 8 July Bonneval to Amiens 233.5 km (145.1 mi)Plainstage.svgPlain stageFlag of Italy.svg  Mario Cipollini  (ITA)
6 9 July Amiens to Maubeuge 171.5 km (106.6 mi)Plainstage.svgPlain stageFlag of Italy.svg  Mario Cipollini  (ITA)
7 10 July Avesnes-sur-Helpe to Thionville 227.0 km (141.1 mi)Plainstage.svgPlain stageFlag of Italy.svg  Mario Cipollini  (ITA)
8 11 July Metz 56.5 km (35.1 mi)Time Trial.svg Individual time trial Flag of the United States.svg  Lance Armstrong  (USA) [lower-alpha 1]
12 July Le Grand-Bornand Rest day
9 13 July Le Grand-Bornand to Sestrières 213.5 km (132.7 mi)Mountainstage.svgStage with mountain(s)Flag of the United States.svg  Lance Armstrong  (USA) [lower-alpha 1]
10 14 July Sestrières to Alpe d'Huez 220.5 km (137.0 mi)Mountainstage.svgStage with mountain(s)Flag of Italy.svg  Giuseppe Guerini  (ITA)
11 15 July Le Bourg-d'Oisans to Saint-Étienne 198.5 km (123.3 mi)Mediummountainstage.svgHilly stageFlag of Belgium (civil).svg  Ludo Dierckxsens  (BEL)
12 16 July Saint-Galmier to Saint-Flour 201.5 km (125.2 mi)Mediummountainstage.svgHilly stageFlag of Spain.svg  David Etxebarria  (ESP)
13 17 July Saint-Flour to Albi 236.5 km (147.0 mi)Mediummountainstage.svgHilly stageFlag of Italy.svg  Salvatore Commesso  (ITA)
14 18 July Castres to Saint-Gaudens 199.0 km (123.7 mi)Plainstage.svgPlain stageFlag of Russia.svg  Dmitri Konychev  (RUS)
19 July Saint-Gaudens Rest day
15 20 July Saint-Gaudens to Piau-Engaly 173.0 km (107.5 mi)Mountainstage.svgStage with mountain(s)Flag of Spain.svg  Fernando Escartín  (ESP)
16 21 July Lannemezan to Pau 192.0 km (119.3 mi)Mountainstage.svgStage with mountain(s)Flag of Spain.svg  David Etxebarria  (ESP)
17 22 July Mourenx to Bordeaux 200.0 km (124.3 mi)Plainstage.svgPlain stageFlag of Belgium (civil).svg  Tom Steels  (BEL)
18 23 July Jonzac to Futuroscope 187.5 km (116.5 mi)Plainstage.svgPlain stageFlag of Italy.svg  Giampaolo Mondini  (ITA)
19 24 July Futuroscope 57.0 km (35.4 mi)Time Trial.svg Individual time trial Flag of the United States.svg  Lance Armstrong  (USA) [lower-alpha 1]
20 25 July Arpajon to Paris (Champs-Élysées)143.5 km (89.2 mi)Plainstage.svgPlain stageFlag of Australia (converted).svg  Robbie McEwen  (AUS)
Total3,870 km (2,405 mi) [12]

Race overview

Following the Festina Affair of the previous year the 1999 edition was billed as the "Tour of Renewal" from the very beginning. [13]

Doping

This tour also saw the mistreatment of Christophe Bassons by his fellow riders of the peloton (notably Armstrong) for speaking out against doping. The 1998 tour had been marred by the Festina doping scandal. Bassons later told Bicycling, "The 1999 Tour was supposed to be the "Tour of Renewal", but I was certain that doping had not disappeared." [14] He quit the tour without finishing after "cracking" mentally due to his treatment by the peloton, especially in stage 10. [15]

Subsequent to Armstrong's statement to withdraw his fight against United States Anti-Doping Agency's (USADA) charges, on 24 August 2012, the USADA said it would ban Armstrong for life and stripped him of his record seven Tour de France titles. [16] [17] Later that day it was confirmed in a USADA statement that Armstrong was banned for life and would be disqualified from any and all competitive results obtained on and subsequent to 1 August 1998, including forfeiture of any medals, titles, winnings, finishes, points and prizes. [1] On 22 October 2012, the Union Cycliste Internationale endorsed the USADA sanctions, and decided not to award victories to any other rider or upgrade other placings in any of the affected events. [2]

Other incidents

The 1999 edition of Tour de France had two bizarre moments. The first was on stage 2 when a 25-rider pile-up occurred at Passage du Gois. The Passage du Gois is a two-mile causeway which depending on the tide can be under water. A rider came down in the middle of the field during the passage, leading to the crash that cost pre-race favourites Alex Zülle, Christophe Rinero and Michael Boogerd more than five minutes to the lead group. [18] The second bizarre incident was on stage 10, one kilometre from the summit of Alpe d'Huez. Leading Italian rider Giuseppe Guerini was confronted by a spectator holding a camera in the middle of the road. Guerini hit the spectator but recovered and went on to win the stage. [19]

Classification leadership and minor prizes

There were several classifications in the 1999 Tour de France. [20] The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour. [21]

Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points led the classification, and was identified with a green jersey. [22]

There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either hors catégorie , first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and wore a white jersey with red polka dots. [23]

The fourth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was not marked by a jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 26 years were eligible. [24]

For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. [25]

In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass-start stage to the cyclist considered most combative, who wore a red number bib the next stage. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification. [26] Jacky Durand won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award. [27] The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Galibier on stage 9. This prize was won by José Luis Arrieta. [28] [29]

Classification leadership by stage [30] [31]
StageWinner General classification
Jersey yellow.svg
Points classification
Jersey green.svg
Mountains classification
Jersey polkadot.svg
Young rider classification [lower-alpha 2] Team classification Combativity
Jersey red number.svg AwardClassification
P Lance Armstrong [lower-alpha 1] Lance Armstrong [lower-alpha 1] Lance Armstrong [lower-alpha 1] Mariano Piccoli Rik Verbrugghe U.S. Postal Service no award
1 Jaan Kirsipuu Jaan Kirsipuu Thierry Gouvenou Thierry Gouvenou
2 Tom Steels Jaan Kirsipuu Christian Vande Velde Jacky Durand
3 Tom Steels Frédéric Guesdon
4 Mario Cipollini Gianpaolo Mondini
5 Mario Cipollini Mariano Piccoli
6 Mario Cipollini François Simon
7 Mario Cipollini Lylian Lebreton
8 Lance Armstrong [lower-alpha 1] Lance Armstrong [lower-alpha 1] Magnus Bäckstedt no award
9 Lance Armstrong [lower-alpha 1] Stuart O'Grady Richard Virenque Benoît Salmon José Luis Arrieta
10 Giuseppe Guerini ONCE–Deutsche Bank Stéphane Heulot
11 Ludo Dierckxsens Festina–Lotus Rik Verbrugghe
12 David Etxebarria Erik Zabel Massimiliano Lelli
13 Salvatore Commesso ONCE–Deutsche Bank Roland Meier
14 Dimitri Konishev Festina–Lotus Jacky Durand Jacky Durand
15 Fernando Escartín Banesto Fernando Escartín
16 David Etxebarria Pavel Tonkov
17 Tom Steels Carlos Da Cruz
18 Gianpaolo Mondini Frédéric Bessy
19 Lance Armstrong [lower-alpha 1] no award
20 Robbie McEwen Anthony Morin
Final Lance Armstrong [lower-alpha 1] Erik Zabel Richard Virenque Benoît Salmon Banesto Jacky Durand

Final standings

Legend
Jersey green.svg Denotes the leader of the points classification [32] Jersey polkadot.svg Denotes the leader of the mountains classification [32]
Jersey red number.svg Denotes the winner of the super-combativity award [32]

General classification

Final general classification (1–10) [33]
RankRiderTeamTime
1Flag of the United States.svg  Lance Armstrong  (USA) [lower-alpha 1] U.S. Postal Service 91h 32' 16"
2Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Alex Zülle  (SUI) Banesto + 7' 37"
3Flag of Spain.svg  Fernando Escartín  (ESP) Kelme–Costa Blanca + 10' 26"
4Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Laurent Dufaux  (SUI) Saeco–Cannondale + 14' 43"
5Flag of Spain.svg  Ángel Casero  (ESP) Vitalicio Seguros + 15' 11"
6Flag of Spain.svg  Abraham Olano  (ESP) ONCE–Deutsche Bank + 16' 47"
7Flag of Italy.svg  Daniele Nardello  (ITA) Mapei–Quick-Step + 17' 02"
8Flag of France.svg  Richard Virenque  (FRA) Jersey polkadot.svg Team Polti + 17' 28"
9Flag of Italy.svg  Wladimir Belli  (ITA) Festina–Lotus + 17' 37"
10Flag of Italy.svg  Andrea Peron  (ITA) ONCE–Deutsche Bank + 23' 10"

Points classification

Final points classification (1–10) [33]
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Flag of Germany.svg  Erik Zabel  (GER) Jersey green.svg Team Telekom 323
2Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Stuart O'Grady  (AUS) Crédit Agricole 275
3Flag of France.svg  Christophe Capelle  (FRA) BigMat–Auber 93 196
4Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Tom Steels  (BEL) Mapei–Quick-Step 188
5Flag of France.svg  François Simon  (FRA) Crédit Agricole 186
6Flag of the United States.svg  George Hincapie  (USA) U.S. Postal Service 166
7Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Robbie McEwen  (AUS) Rabobank 166
8Flag of Italy.svg  Giampaolo Mondini  (ITA) Cantina Tollo–Alexia Alluminio 141
9Flag of France.svg  Christophe Moreau  (FRA) Festina–Lotus 140
10Flag of Italy.svg  Silvio Martinello  (ITA) Team Polti 130

Mountains classification

Final mountains classification (1–10) [33]
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Flag of France.svg  Richard Virenque  (FRA) Jersey polkadot.svg Team Polti 279
2Flag of Italy.svg  Alberto Elli  (ITA) Team Telekom 226
3Flag of Italy.svg  Mariano Piccoli  (ITA) Lampre–Daikin 205
4Flag of Spain.svg  Fernando Escartín  (ESP) Kelme–Costa Blanca 194
5Flag of the United States.svg  Lance Armstrong  (USA) [lower-alpha 1] U.S. Postal Service 193
6Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Alex Zülle  (SUI) Banesto 152
7Flag of Spain.svg  José Luis Arrieta  (ESP) Banesto 141
8Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Laurent Dufaux  (SUI) Saeco–Cannondale 141
9Flag of Italy.svg  Andrea Peron  (ITA) ONCE–Deutsche Bank 138
10Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Kurt Van De Wouwer  (BEL) Lotto–Mobistar 117

Young rider classification

Final young rider classification (1–10) [33]
RankRiderTeamTime
1Flag of France.svg  Benoit Salmon  (FRA) Casino–Ag2r Prévoyance 92h 01' 15"
2Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Mario Aerts  (BEL) Lotto–Mobistar + 10' 22"
3Flag of Spain.svg  Francisco Tomas García  (ESP) Vitalicio Seguros + 16' 32"
4Flag of Spain.svg  Francisco Mancebo  (ESP) Banesto + 21' 32"
5Flag of Spain.svg  Luis Perez  (ESP) ONCE–Deutsche Bank + 23' 54"
6Flag of Italy.svg  Salvatore Commesso  (ITA) Saeco–Cannondale + 40' 16"
7Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Steve De Wolf  (BEL) Cofidis + 42' 55"
8Flag of Spain.svg  José Javier Gomez  (ESP) Kelme–Costa Blanca + 1h 16' 51"
9Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Rik Verbrugghe  (BEL) Lotto–Mobistar + 1h 35' 32"
10Flag of Germany.svg  Jörg Jaksche  (GER) Team Telekom + 1h 47' 45"

Team classification

Final team classification (1–10) [34]
RankTeamTime
1 Banesto 275h 05' 21"
2 ONCE–Deutsche Bank + 8' 16"
3 Festina–Lotus + 16' 13"
4 Kelme–Costa Blanca + 23' 48"
5 Mapei–Quick-Step + 24' 13"
6 Team Telekom + 41' 00"
7 Vitalicio Seguros + 42' 44"
8 U.S. Postal Service + 57' 13"
9 Cofidis + 58' 02"
10 Lotto–Mobistar + 1h 09' 02"

Combativity classification

Final combativity classification (1–10) [34]
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Flag of France.svg  Jacky Durand  (FRA) Jersey red number.svg Lotto–Mobistar 61
2Flag of France.svg  Stéphane Heulot  (FRA) Française des Jeux 55
3Flag of France.svg  Thierry Gouvenou  (FRA) BigMat–Auber 93 51
4Flag of France.svg  Anthony Morin  (FRA) Française des Jeux 46
5Flag of France.svg  François Simon  (FRA) Crédit Agricole 42
6Flag of Spain.svg  Fernando Escartín  (ESP) Kelme–Costa Blanca 40
7Flag of France.svg  Lylian Lebreton  (FRA) BigMat–Auber 93 40
8Flag of France.svg  Frédéric Guesdon  (FRA) Française des Jeux 40
9Flag of Italy.svg  Alberto Elli  (ITA) Team Telekom 39
10Flag of Italy.svg  Mariano Piccoli  (ITA) Lampre–Daikin 36

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 On 24 August 2012, the United States Anti-Doping Agency announced that they had disqualified Armstrong from all his results since 1998, including his victory in the 1999 Tour de France. [1] The Union Cycliste Internationale, responsible for the international cycling, confirmed this verdict on 22 October 2012. [2]
  2. A white jersey was not awarded to the leader of the young rider classification between 1989 and 1999. [24]

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Bibliography

Further reading