1905 Tour de France

1905 Tour de France

Route of the 1905 Tour de France followed clockwise, starting in Paris
Race details
Dates	9–30 July 1905
Stages	11
Distance	2,994 km (1,860 mi)
Winning time	35 points
Results
Winner   Louis Trousselier  (FRA)   Second   Hippolyte Aucouturier  (FRA)   Third   Jean-Baptiste Dortignacq  (FRA)
←  1904 1906  →

The 1905 Tour de France was the third edition of the Tour de France, held from 9 to 30 July, organised by the newspaper L'Auto . Following the disqualifications after the 1904 Tour de France, there were changes in the rules, the most important one being the general classification not made by time but by points. The race saw the introduction of mountains in the Tour de France, and René Pottier excelled in the first mountain, although he could not finish the race. ^[1] Due in part to some of the rule changes, the 1905 Tour de France had less cheating and sabotage than in previous years, though they were not eliminated. It was won by Louis Trousselier, who also won four of the eleven stages.

Innovations and changes

After the 1904 Tour de France, some cyclists were disqualified, most notably the top four cyclists of the original overall classification, Maurice Garin, Lucien Pothier, César Garin and Hippolyte Aucouturier. Maurice Garin was originally banned for two years and Pothier for life, so they were ineligible to start the 1905 Tour de France. Of these four, only Aucouturier (who had been "warned" and had a "reprimand inflicted" on him), started the 1905 Tour. ^[2] They were disqualified by the Union Vélocipédique Française, based on accusations of cheating when there were no race officials around. In 1904 Tour, it was difficult to observe the cyclists continuously, as significant portions of the race were run overnight, and the long stages made it difficult to have officials everywhere.

Because these disqualifications had almost put an end to the Tour de France, the 1905 event had been changed in important ways, to make the race easier to supervise: ^[3]

• The stages were shortened so that no night riding occurred.
• The number of stages increased to 11 stages, almost double from the previous year.
• The winner was selected on points, not time. ^[4]

The first cyclist to cross the finish line received 1 point. Other cyclists received one point more than the cyclist who passed the line directly before him, plus an additional point for every five minutes between them, with a maximum of ten points. In this way, a cyclist could not get more than 11 points more than the cyclist that crossed the finish line just before him. ^[5]

As an example for this point system, the result for the first seven cyclists in the first stage is in this table:

Results of stage 1 ^[6]

Rank	Cyclist	Time	Difference with previous finisher	Extra points	Points
1	Louis Trousselier	11h 25'	—	1	1
2	Jean-Baptiste Dortignacq	+ 3'	3'	1	2
3	René Pottier	+ 4'	1'	1	3
4	Hippolyte Aucouturier	+ 26'	22'	5	8
5	Henri Cornet	+ 26'	0'	1	9
6	Augustin Ringeval	+ 1h 40'	74'	11	20
7	Emile Georget	+ 2h 40'	60'	11	31

The other important introduction were the mountains. One of Desgrange's staffers, Alphonse Steinès, took Desgrange for a trip over the Col Bayard at 1,246 metres (4,088 ft) and the Ballon d'Alsace at 1,178 metres (3,865 ft), that had an average gradient of 5.2% with 10% at some places, ^{[3] [5]} to convince Desgrange to use these climbs in the route. Desgrange accepted it, saying that Steinès would take the blame if the mountains would be too hard to climb. ^{[3] [7]} In the two previous editions, the highest point was the Col de la République at 1,145 metres (3,757 ft). In 1905, Desgrange chose to overlook this, and focused instead on the introduction of the Ballon d'Alsace, because he saw that he had missed the opportunity for publicity previously. ^[8]

There were two categories of riders, the coureurs de vitesse and the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées. ^[9] The riders in the first category were allowed to change bicycles, which could be an advantage in the mountains, where they could use a bicycle with lower gears. ^[3] The riders in the machines poinçonnées category had to use the same bicycle in the entire race, and to verify this, their bicycles were marked.

Participants

For a more comprehensive list, see List of cyclists in the 1905 Tour de France.

Before the race started, 77 riders had signed up for the race. ^[10] Seventeen of those did not start the race, so the Tour began with 60 riders, including former winner Henri Cornet and future winners René Pottier and Lucien Petit-Breton. ^[5] The riders were not grouped in teams, but most of them rode with an individual sponsor. Two of the cyclists—Catteau and Lootens—were Belgian, all other cyclists were French. Leading up to the start of the Tour, Wattelier, Trousselier, Pottier and Augereau were all considered the most likely contenders to win the event. ^[11]

Race overview

Main articles: 1905 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 6 and 1905 Tour de France, Stage 7 to Stage 11

Despite the rule changes, there were still protesters among the spectators; in the first stage all riders except Jean-Baptiste Dortignacq punctured due to 125 kg of nails spread along the road. ^{[1] [4]} The first stage was won by Louis Trousselier. Trousselier was serving in the army, and had requested from his commander leave for the Tour de France; this was allowed for 24 hours. ^[12] After he won the first stage and led the classification, his leave was extended until the end of the Tour. ^[13] From 60 starting cyclists, only 15 cyclists reached the finish line within the time limit; ^[14] 15 more reached the finish after the limit and the rest took the train. ^[15] The Tour organiser Desgrange wanted to stop the race, but was persuaded by the cyclists not to do so, and allowed all cyclists to continue with 75 points. ^{[14] [15]}

René Pottier, the first cyclist to climb a mountain in the Tour de France.

In the second stage, the first major climb, the Ballon d'Alsace, made its debut. Four riders were the fastest climbers: Trousselier, René Pottier, Cornet and Aucouturier. Of those four, Trousselier and Aucouturier were the first to be dropped, and Cornet had to drop in the final kilometers. ^[3] The top was therefore reached first by René Pottier, without dismounting, at an average speed of 20 km/h. ^[4] Cornet, who reached the top second, had to wait 20 minutes for his bicycle with higher gear, because his support car had broken down. ^[3] Later Aucouturier caught Pottier, and dropped him, and won the stage. ^[3] Pottier became second in the stage and led the classification. ^[1] Seven cyclists did not reach the finish in time, but they were again allowed to start the next stage. ^[16]

In the third stage, Pottier had to abandon due to tendinitis. ^[17] The lead was back with Trousselier, who also won the stage.

In the fourth stage, the Côte de Laffrey and the Col Bayard were climbed, the second and third mountains of the Tour de France. ^[5] Julien Maitron reached both tops first, but Aucouturier won the stage. Trousselier finished in second place, still leading the overall classification, although with the same number of points as Aucouturier. ^[18]

Louis Trousselier, the winner of the 1905 Tour de France

In the fifth stage, Trousselier won, and because Aucouturier finished in twelfth place, Trousselier had a big lead in the general classification. After the fifth stage, Aucouturier could no longer challenge Trousselier for the lead. ^[19]

In the seventh stage to Bordeaux, Trousselier punctured after only a few kilometers. The rest of the cyclists quickly sped away from him, and Trousselier had to follow them alone for 200 km. A few kilometers before Bordeaux, Trousselier caught up with the rest, and even managed to win the sprint. ^[12] Louis Trousselier kept his lead until the end of the race, winning five stages. Trousselier was accused of bad sportsmanship: he reportedly smashed the inkstands of a control post to prevent his opponents from signing. ^[17] Unlike the 1904 Tour de France, no stage winners, nor anyone from the top ten of the general classification, were disqualified.

Results

Stage results

In the first and last stage, the cyclists were allowed to use pacers. All the 11 stages were won by only three cyclists: ^[9]

Stage characteristics and winners ^{[5] [9] [20]}

Stage	Date	Course	Distance	Type [lower-alpha 1]		Winner	Race leader
1	9 July	Paris to Nancy	340 km (210 mi)		Plain stage	Louis Trousselier  (FRA)	Louis Trousselier  (FRA)
2	11 July	Nancy to Besançon	299 km (186 mi)		Stage with mountain(s)	Hippolyte Aucouturier  (FRA)	René Pottier  (FRA)
3	14 July	Besançon to Grenoble	327 km (203 mi)		Plain stage	Louis Trousselier  (FRA)	Louis Trousselier  (FRA)
4	16 July	Grenoble to Toulon	348 km (216 mi)		Stage with mountain(s)	Hippolyte Aucouturier  (FRA)	Louis Trousselier  (FRA)
5	18 July	Toulon to Nîmes	192 km (119 mi)		Plain stage	Louis Trousselier  (FRA)	Louis Trousselier  (FRA)
6	20 July	Nîmes to Toulouse	307 km (191 mi)		Plain stage	Jean-Baptiste Dortignacq  (FRA)	Louis Trousselier  (FRA)
7	22 July	Toulouse to Bordeaux	268 km (167 mi)		Plain stage	Louis Trousselier  (FRA)	Louis Trousselier  (FRA)
8	24 July	Bordeaux to La Rochelle	257 km (160 mi)		Plain stage	Hippolyte Aucouturier  (FRA)	Louis Trousselier  (FRA)
9	26 July	La Rochelle to Rennes	263 km (163 mi)		Plain stage	Louis Trousselier  (FRA)	Louis Trousselier  (FRA)
10	28 July	Rennes to Caen	167 km (104 mi)		Plain stage	Jean-Baptiste Dortignacq  (FRA)	Louis Trousselier  (FRA)
11	29 July	Caen to Paris	253 km (157 mi)		Plain stage	Jean-Baptiste Dortignacq  (FRA)	Louis Trousselier  (FRA)
	Total		2,994 km (1,860 mi) [21]

General classification

The cyclists officially were not grouped in teams; some cyclists had the same sponsor, even though they were not allowed to work together. ^[22]

Final general classification (1–10) ^[23]

Rank	Rider	Sponsor	Points
1	Louis Trousselier  (FRA)	Peugeot-Wolber	35
2	Hippolyte Aucouturier  (FRA)	Peugeot-Wolber	61
3	Jean-Baptiste Dortignacq  (FRA)	Saving	64
4	Emile Georget  (FRA)	JC Cycles	123
5	Lucien Petit-Breton  (FRA)	JC Cycles	155
6	Augustin Ringeval  (FRA)	JC Cycles	202
7	Paul Chauvet  (FRA)	Griffon	231
8	Philippe Pautrat  (FRA)	JC Cycles	248
9	Julien Maitron  (FRA)	Peugeot-Wolber/Griffon	255
10	Julien Gabory  (FRA)	JC Cycles	304

Final general classification (11–24) [23]
Rank	Rider	Sponsor	Points
11	Alois Catteau  (BEL)	Catteau Cycles	355
12	Martin Soulie  (FRA)	JC Cycles	358
13	Léon Leygoute  (FRA)	Peugeot-Wolber	394
14	Camille Fily  (FRA)	Guerin Cycles	415
15	Antony Wattelier  (FRA)	Peugeot-Wolber	441
16	Henri Lignon  (FRA)	JC Cycles	488
17	Maurice Decaup  (FRA)	Alcyon-Dunlop	490
18	Maurice Carrere  (FRA)	Pirate-Michelin	497
19	Gustave Guillarme  (FRA)	Renault	509
20	Julien Lootens  (BEL)	JC Cycles	515
21	Pinchau  (FRA)	?	707
22	Eugène Ventresque  (FRA)	Saving	792
23	Fernand Lallement  (FRA)	Peugeot-Wolber	797
24	Clovis Lacroix  (FRA)	Saving	870

Other classifications

Pautrat was the winner of the coureurs sur machines poinçonnées category, having used the same bicycle through the whole event. ^[24]

The organising newspaper L'Auto named René Pottier the meilleur grimpeur. This unofficial title is the precursor to the mountains classification. ^[25]

Aftermath

The tour organisers liked the effect of the points system, and it remained active until the 1912 Tour de France, after which it was reverted to the time system. In 1953, for the 50-years anniversary of the Tour de France, the points system was reintroduced as the points classification, and the winner was given a green jersey. This points classification has been active ever since.

The introduction of mountains in the Tour de France had also been successful. After the introduction of the Vosges in the 1905 Tour de France, in 1906 the Massif Central were climbed, followed by the Pyrenees in 1910 and the Alps in 1911.

The winner Trousselier received 6950 Francs for his victory. The night after he won, he drank and gambled with friends, and lost all the money. ^[3] In later years, Trousselier would not win a Tour de France again, but he still won eight more stages and finished on the podium in the next year. ^[26] The unofficial mountain champion of the 1905 Tour de France, Pottier, would be more successful in the next year, when he won the overall classification and five stages. ^[27]

For L'Auto, the newspaper that organised the Tour de France, the race was a success; the circulation had increased to 100,000. ^[28]

Notes

1. In 1905, there was no distinction in the rules between plain stages and mountain stages; the icons shown here indicate which stages included mountains. ^[5]

References

1. "The Tour – Year 1905". Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
2. James, Tom (14 August 2003). "The Tour is finished ..." VeloArchive. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
3. McGann & McGann 2006, pp. 14–16.
4. "1905: A new formula is devised". VeloArchive. 14 August 2003. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
5. "3ème Tour de France 1905" (in French). Mémoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
6. "Cyclisme – Le Tour de France". Le Petit Parisien (in French). Gallica Bibliothèque Numérique. 11 July 1905. p. 5. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
7. Laget & Bouvet 2005, pp. 190–191.
8. Van den Bogaart, Ronnie (10 November 2007). "Col de la République was eerste berg in Tour de France" (in Dutch). Sportgeschiedenis. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
9. Augendre 2016, p. 7.
10. "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1905 – The starters". Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
11. "Vélocipedie – Le Tour de France de 1905". La Croix (in French). Gallica Bibliothèque Numérique. 9 July 1905. p. 4. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
12. Amels 1984, pp. 8–9.
13. "Memo Louis Trousselier". CyclingWebsite. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2009.
14. "3ème Tour de France 1905 – 1ère étape" (in French). Mémoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
15. "Louis Trousselier wint Tour de France 1905" (in Dutch). NieuwsDossier. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
16. "3ème Tour de France 1905 – 2ème étape" (in French). Mémoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
17. Mace, Lorraine (2004). "Convicts of the road". Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
18. "3ème Tour de France 1905 – 4ème étape" (in French). Mémoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
19. Boyce, Barry (2004). "The Restructuring". Cycling revealed. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
20. "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1905 – The stage winners". Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
21. Augendre 2016, p. 108.
22. Thompson 2006, p. 36.
23. "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1905 – Stage 11 Caen > Paris". Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
24. "l'Historique du Tour – Année 1905" (in French). Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 15 July 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
25. Cleijne 2014, p. 156.
26. "Past results for Louis Trousselier (FRA)". ASO. Archived from the original on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
27. "Past results for Rene Pottier (FRA)". ASO. Archived from the original on 21 July 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
28. "Tour de France" (in Dutch). Koninklijke Bibliotheek. 8 August 2008. Archived from the original on 11 July 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2009.

Bibliography

• Amels, Wim (1984). De geschiedenis van de Tour de France 1903–1984 (in Dutch). Valkenswaard, Netherlands: Sport-Express. ISBN   978-90-70763-05-3.
• Augendre, Jacques (2016). "Guide historique" [Historical guide](PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
• Cleijne, Jan (2014). Legends of the Tour. London: Head of Zeus. ISBN   978-1-78185-998-8.
• Laget, Serge; Bouvet, Philippe (2005). Cols mythiques du Tour de France (in French). Paris: L'Équipe. ISBN   978-2-915535-09-9.
• McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Vol. 1. Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN   978-1-59858-180-5.
• Thompson, Christopher S. (2006). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. ISBN   978-0-520-24760-4.

External links

Media related to Tour de France 1905 at Wikimedia Commons