March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation

Last updated
Demonstrators in front of the White House 09a.LGBT.MOW.25April1993 (23693190084).jpg
Demonstrators in front of the White House

The March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay, and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation was a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C., on April 25, 1993. Organizers estimated that 1,000,000 attended the March. The D.C. Police Department put the number between 800,000 and more than 1 million, [1] making it one of the largest protests in American history. The National Park Service estimated attendance at 300,000, [2] but their figure attracted so much negative attention that it shortly thereafter stopped issuing attendance estimates for similar events. [1]

Contents

Background and planning

Between the 1987 March on Washington and the early 1990s, LGBT people achieved much more mainstream visibility than they ever had in the past. [3] The LGBT community still faced widespread discrimination, through such policies as Don't Ask Don't Tell, Colorado's constitutional amendment (1992) invalidating laws that prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and rising instances of LGBT-targeted hate crimes. In this climate, Urvashi Vaid of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force spearheaded the movement for a third LG March. [3]

In January 1991, she sent a letter to LG organizations across the U.S. to garner support for a third march and to invite them to send delegates to a planning meeting on March 9, 1991, in Washington, D.C. No consensus was reached regarding the march's potential date at this meeting, so a second meeting was arranged for the weekend of May 11–12, 1991, again in Washington. [3] This meeting provided the mandate for the march: to rebuild and reinvigorate local and national activists. Additional organizational meetings took place in Chicago (August 1991), Los Angeles (January 1992), Dallas (May 1992), Denver (October 1992) and Washington DC (February 1993). [3]

During the planning the MOW National Steering Committee voted for adding "transgender" to the official title of the march, but the efforts failed because of the lacking two-thirds majority needed for passage [4]

Planning the march took about two years and involved a 12-member executive committee and a 200-plus member steering committee. They used a consensus process to figure out the permitting, the logistics, the networking and fundraising during this time to fully plan the march. [5]

Platform and demands

Demonstrators holding a gay pride flag 57.LGBT.MOW.25April1993 (23710803393).jpg
Demonstrators holding a gay pride flag

March organizers agreed upon seven primary demands, each with further secondary demands. The primary demands were: [6]

Speakers and events

Demonstrators with an "African American Unity" banner 54.LGBT.MOW.25April1993 (24254870761).jpg
Demonstrators with an "African American Unity" banner

In the days surrounding the March, a wide range of events serving different groups within the LGBT community were held in and around Washington, DC. These included historical exhibits, religious services, lobbying events, social gatherings, art exhibits, political workshops, public service events, and candlelight vigils. [7]

The day of the event, the mall, from the Washington Monument to the capitol was packed. Even though over 1 million people were present at the event, park police falsely claimed that only 300,000 people were there. One of the performers, Deidre McCalla said "That is because women and people of color are invisible." [8] The march started around noon, from the White House, moved down to Pennsylvania Avenue, and then scattered onto the Mall near Seventh Street NW. The rally had many young, old, black, white, Latino, and Asian individuals who strode past the White House. [9] Marchers were holding things like rainbow flags, banners, signs, red ribbons and pink triangles. The people were chanting things like "Act Up! Fight Back! Fight AIDS!" along with "End the Ban Now!" and "We're here. We're queer. We're not going away." The mood of the march was peaceful with only five arrests for disorderly conduct. [10]

The day before the march, two demonstrations raised the issue of same-sex marriage. About 1,500 same-sex couples assembled at the National Museum of Natural History with, according to The Washington Post, "a dozen ministers, organ music, photographers and rice". [11] A far smaller gathering of several same-sex couples protested in front of the Internal Revenue Service building and performed a symbolic wedding ceremony titled "an Interfaith Ceremony of Commitment". [12] According to the Chicago Tribune, the demonstration's point was a demand "for full legal recognition of domestic partnerships" for tax purposes. [13]

Some women marched topless while men wore dresses to represent equality between genders. Around 2 p.m, hundreds of marchers performed a seven-minute "die-in" to symbolize the tragedy of AIDS in the LGBTQ+ community. Later that afternoon, Larry Kramer, a gay activist and founder of the Act-Up group, spoke at the rally. He inspired the marcher with his statement, “.. But now, harder than ever; we must act up, fight back and fight aids.” By sunset, large crowds of gay men and lesbians were still gathered in the Mall, listening to speeches and dancing to music. The rally did not end until 7:20 p.m [9]

The March did not attract many counter-protesters, as some anti-gay groups felt that such a response would be counter-productive. The only major counter-protest came from approximately 25 members of a group called Advocate of the U.S., including the group's founder and executive director Eugene Delgaudio. [14] The counter demonstrators signs said things like "God hates f*gs" "F*gs burn in hell" some marchers responded in silence, while other marchers chanted "Shame" over and over again as the counter demonstrators passed. [15]

Speakers and performers at the rally following the march included Indigo Girls, Judith Light, [16] Melissa Etheridge, RuPaul, Nancy Pelosi, Madonna, Martina Navratilova, Ian McKellen, Eartha Kitt, [17] Lani Kaʻahumanu, [18] Urvashi Vaid, [19] Jesse Jackson, and Martha Wash. Lani Kaʻahumanu was the only out bisexual to speak at the rally out of 18 total speakers; she had conceived and led a successful national campaign to have bisexual people included in the title of the march. [20] [21] [22]

Dorothy Hajdys, the mother of Allen R. Schindler Jr, also gave a speech. [23]

Politics of the March

Some speakers and attendees of the march, including playwright Larry Kramer, expressed discontent with the Clinton administration's handling of the AIDS crisis. President Clinton did not attend the march but instead sent a statement of support, which was read by California Representative (and future Speaker of the House) Nancy Pelosi. [14]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT community</span> Community and culture of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people

The LGBT community is a loosely defined grouping of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and other queer individuals united by a common culture and social movements. These communities generally celebrate pride, diversity, individuality, and sexuality. LGBT activists and sociologists see LGBT community-building as a counterweight to heterosexism, homophobia, biphobia, transphobia, sexualism, and conformist pressures that exist in the larger society. The term pride or sometimes gay pride expresses the LGBT community's identity and collective strength; pride parades provide both a prime example of the use and a demonstration of the general meaning of the term. The LGBT community is diverse in political affiliation. Not all people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender consider themselves part of the LGBT community.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kate Clinton</span> American comedian

Kate Clinton is an American comedian specializing in political commentary from a gay/lesbian point of view.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urvashi Vaid</span> Indian-American LGBT rights activist, lawyer and writer (1958–2022)

Urvashi Vaid was an Indian-born American LGBT rights activist, lawyer, and writer. An expert in gender and sexuality law, she was a consultant in attaining specific goals of social justice. She held a series of roles at the National LGBTQ Task Force. She is the author of Virtual Equality: The Mainstreaming of Gay and Lesbian Liberation (1995) and Irresistible Revolution: Confronting Race, Class and the Assumptions of LGBT Politics (2012).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT culture</span> Common culture shared by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer people

LGBT culture is a culture shared by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals. It is sometimes referred to as queer culture, while the term gay culture may be used to mean "LGBT culture" or to refer specifically to homosexual culture.

Lani Kaʻahumanu is a Canadian bisexual and feminist writer and activist. She is openly bisexual and writes and speaks on sexuality issues frequently. She serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Bisexuality. She is also working on the books My Grassroots Are Showing: Stories, Speeches, and Special Affections and Passing For Other: Primal Creams and Forbidden Dreams – Poetry, Prose, and Performance Pieces. In 1974, she divorced her husband and moved to San Francisco, where she originally came out as a lesbian. She helped found the San Francisco State Women Studies Department, and in 1979 she became the first person in her family to graduate from college. Kaʻahumanu realized she was bisexual and came out again in 1980.

The bisexual community, also known as the bi+, m-spec, bisexual/pansexual, or bi/pan/fluid community, includes members of the LGBT community who identify as bisexual, pansexual, omnisexual, polysexual and sexually fluid. As opposed to hetero- or homosexual people, people in the bisexual community experience attraction to more than one gender.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robyn Ochs</span>

Robyn Ochs is an American bisexual activist, professional speaker, and workshop leader. Her primary fields of interest are gender, sexuality, identity, and coalition building. She is the editor of the Bisexual Resource Guide, Bi Women Quarterly, and the anthology Getting Bi: Voices of Bisexuals Around the World. Ochs, along with Professor Herukhuti, co-edited the anthology Recognize: The Voices of Bisexual Men.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Ethiopia</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Ethiopia face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity is illegal in the country, with reports of high levels of discrimination and abuses against LGBT people.

The first National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights was a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on October 14, 1979. The first such march on Washington, it drew between 75,000 and 125,000 gay men, lesbians, bisexuals, transgender people, and straight allies to demand equal civil rights and urge the passage of protective civil rights legislation. Lesbian activist, comic and producer, Robin Tyler, emceed the main stage at the march.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights</span>

The Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights was a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C., on October 11, 1987. Its success, size, scope, and historical importance have led to it being called, "The Great March". It marked the first national coverage of ACT UP, with AIDS activists prominent in the main march, as well as making headlines the next day during mass civil disobedience actions at the United States Supreme Court Building.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Millennium March on Washington</span>

The Millennium March on Washington was an event to raise awareness and visibility of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people and issues of LGBT rights in the US, it was held April 28 through April 30, 2000 in Washington, DC. The Millennium Pride Festival was held prior to the March, it was a huge event that saw tens of thousands flock to the US capital. A march from the Washington Monument to the front lawn of the United States Capitol took place on April 30, where the crowd was addressed by several members of Congress and, via video, by President Bill Clinton. Estimates of attendance ranged from 200,000 to 1 million people. One of the weekend's more successful events was the sellout Equality Rocks concert produced by LGBT rights organization Human Rights Campaign. The concert was held in Washington's RFK Stadium and included stars such as Melissa Etheridge, George Michael, Pet Shop Boys, Garth Brooks, k.d. lang, and Tipper Gore.

LGBT movements in the United States comprise an interwoven history of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and allied movements in the United States of America, beginning in the early 20th century and influential in achieving social progress for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and transsexual people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Equality March</span>

The National Equality March was a national political rally that occurred October 11, 2009 in Washington, D.C. It called for equal protection for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in all matters governed by civil law in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The march was called for by activist David Mixner and implemented by Cleve Jones, and organized by Equality Across America and the Courage Campaign. Kip Williams and Robin McGehee served as co-directors. Leaders like actress Michelle Clunie, Courage Campaign marketing director, Billy Pollina and New York gubernatorial aide Peter Yacobellis hosted the first fundraiser in the spring of 2009. This was the first national march in Washington, D.C. for LGBT rights since the 2000 Millennium March.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bisexuality in the United States</span> Overview about bisexuality in the United States of America

This article addresses the history of bisexuality in the United States. It covers this history beginning in 1892, which is when the first English-language use of the word "bisexual" to refer to sexual orientation occurred.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National LGBTQ Task Force</span> US gay rights organization

The National LGBTQ Task Force is an American social justice advocacy non-profit organizing the grassroots power of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community. Also known as The Task Force, the organization supports action and activism on behalf of LGBTQ people and advances a progressive vision of liberation. Leadership includes immediate peasy executive director Rea Carey and executive director Kierra Johnson, who took there position in 2021 to become the for Black woman to head the organization Kierra Johnson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT protests against Donald Trump</span> American protests organized by the LGBT community

There were several protests organized by the LGBT community against the policies of United States President Donald Trump and his administration.

The National LGBTQ Wall of Honor is an American memorial wall in New York City dedicated to LGBTQ "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes". The wall is located inside of the Stonewall Inn and is a part of the Stonewall National Monument, the first U.S. National Monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history. The first fifty nominees were announced in June 2019 and the wall was unveiled on June 27, 2019, as a part of the Stonewall 50 – WorldPride NYC 2019 events. Each year five additional names will be added.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT culture in Washington, D.C.</span>

In Washington, D.C., LGBT culture is heavily influenced by the U.S. federal government and the many nonprofit organizations headquartered in the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">We Demand Rally</span> 1971 gay rights demonstration in Canada

The We Demand Rally was the first large scale gay rights demonstration in Canada. The rally occurred on August 28, 1971 in Ottawa, and was organized by the gay rights activist groups Toronto Gay Action (TGA) and Community Homophile Association of Toronto (CHAT). There was a parallel rally in Vancouver that was organized in solidarity with the rally by the Vancouver group Gay Alliance Toward Equality (GATE). The rally plays an important part in the history of queer equity-seeking and gay rights in Canada, as well as the history of feminism in Canada, and has had a lasting legacy in Canadian gay rights activism.

References

  1. 1 2 "The 20th Anniversary of the LGBT March on Washington: How Far Have We Come?" Huffington Post. Accessed April 25, 2013.
  2. GLSEN: "Changing Times, Changing Demands" Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine , accessed September 13, 2011
  3. 1 2 3 4 Ghaziani, Amin. 2008. "The Dividends of Dissent: How Conflict and Culture Work in Lesbian and Gay Marches on Washington." University of Chicago Press.
  4. Gabriel, Davina Anne (September–October 1993). TransSisters : The Journal of Transsexual Feminism (Issue #1 ed.). SkyClad Publishing Co. p. 14. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
  5. "Reflections on the 1993 March on Washington". National LGBTQ Task Force. 2013-04-25. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
  6. "Platform of 1993 March on Washington". Queer Resource Directory.
  7. "1993 March on Washington Event Listings". Queer Resource Directory.
  8. "Reflections on the 1993 March on Washington". National LGBTQ Task Force. 2013-04-25. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
  9. 1 2 Sanchez, Rene; Wheeler, Linda (1993-04-26). "GAYS DEMAND RIGHTS IN 6-HOUR MARCH". The Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 2022-04-08.
  10. Schmalz, Jeffery (26 April 1993). "MARCH FOR GAY RIGHTS; Gay Marchers Throng Mall in Appeal for Rights". The New York Times . Retrieved February 16, 2022.
  11. Wheeler, Linda (April 25, 1993). "Mass Wedding Marries Tradition and Protest". The Washington Post . Highbeam Research. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  12. "Wendy Benner-Leon and Terri Leon-Benner, April 24, 1993". Getty Images. Retrieved October 13, 2014.
  13. McRoberts, Flynn (April 25, 1993). "Gays Take Fight For Dignity To D.C." Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  14. 1 2 "Huge March Seeks Gay Rights : Protest: An end to discrimination and expanded AIDS research are demanded. Park Service crowd estimate of 300,000 is disputed by organizers". Los Angeles Times. 1993-04-26. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
  15. Schmalz, Jeffrey (1993-04-26). "MARCH FOR GAY RIGHTS; Gay Marchers Throng Mall in Appeal for Rights". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2022-04-08.
  16. "Judith Light Speaker Bio". allamericanspeakers.com.
  17. "A Simple Matter of Justice: The 1993 March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation". Archived from the original on 2008-06-24. Retrieved 2009-11-24. Simple Matter of Justice, A: The 1993 March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation
  18. Kaʻahumanu, Lani. "HOW I SPENT MY TWO WEEK VACATION BEING A TOKEN BISEXUAL". Lani Kaʻahumanu Writings.
  19. "Urvashi Vaid Speaks at the March on Washington". Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science.
  20. "Lani's bio". lanikaahumanu.com.
  21. Hall, Donald (July 1, 1996). Presenting Bisexualities: Subjects and Cultures of Fluid Desire. NYU Press. pp. 93–. ISBN   9780814766347 . Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  22. Ghaziani, Amin (October 1, 2008). The Dividends of Dissent: How Conflict and Culture Work in Lesbian and Gay Marches on Washington. University of Chicago Press. pp. 151–. ISBN   9780226289960 . Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  23. Green, Jesse (1993-09-12). "What the Navy Taught Allen Schindler's Mother". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2022-04-08.