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Rastafari, sometimes called Rastafarianism, is an Abrahamic religion that developed in Jamaica during the 1930s. It is classified as both a new religious movement and a social movement by scholars of religion. There is no central authority in control of the movement and much diversity exists among practitioners, who are known as Rastafari, Rastafarians, or Rastas.
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Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. was a Jamaican political activist. He was the founder and first President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, through which he declared himself Provisional President of Africa. Garvey was ideologically a black nationalist and Pan-Africanist. His ideas came to be known as Garveyism.
The Holy Piby, also known as the Black Man's Bible, is a text written by an Anguillan, Robert Athlyi Rogers, for the use of an Afrocentric religion in the West Indies founded by Rogers in the 1920s, known as the Afro-Athlican Constructive Gaathly. The theology outlined in this work saw Ethiopians as the chosen people of God. The church preached self-reliance and self-determination for Africans, using the Piby as its guiding document.
Leonard Percival Howell, also known as The Gong or G. G. Maragh, was a Jamaican religious figure. According to his biographer Hélène Lee, Howell was born into an Anglican family. He was one of the first preachers of the Rastafari movement, and is known by many as The First Rasta.
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The Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church is a religious movement that originated in Jamaica during the 1940s and later spread to the United States, being incorporated in Florida in 1975. Its beliefs are based on both the Old and New testaments of the bible, as well as the teachings of Marcus Garvey, self-reliance, Afrocentricity and Ethiopianism. Their ceremonies include bible reading, chanting, and music incorporating elements from Nyahbinghi, Burru, Kumina and other indigenous traditions. The group holds many beliefs in common with the Rastafari, including the use of marijuana as a sacrament, but differ on many points, most significantly the matter of Haile Selassie's divinity.
The Rastafari movement in the United States echoes the Rastafari religious movement, which began in Jamaica and Ethiopia during the 1930s. Marcus Garvey, born in Jamaica, was influenced by the Ethiopian king Haile Selassie. Jamaican Rastafaris began emigrating to the United States in the 1960s and 1970s, and established communities throughout the country.
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Maymie de Mena was an American-born activist who became one of the highest-ranking officers in the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). She has been credited with keeping the organization alive after Marcus Garvey's conviction for mail fraud and deportation from the United States.
The Rastafari movement developed out of the legacy of the Atlantic slave trade, in which over ten million Africans were enslaved and transported to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries. Once there, they were sold to European planters and forced to work on the plantations. Around a third of these transported Africans were relocated in the Caribbean, with under 700,000 being settled in Jamaica. In 1834, slavery in Jamaica was abolished after the British government passed the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. Racial prejudice nevertheless remained prevalent across Jamaican society. The overwhelming majority of Jamaica's legislative council was white throughout the 19th century, and those of African descent were treated as second-class citizens.
References
- 1 2 3 Barnett, Michael, "Rastafari in the New Millennium: A Rastafari Reader." Syracuse University Press (2014), p. 296, ISBN 9780815633600 (retrieved 23 April 2024)
- ↑ Tafari-Ama, Imani M., "Blood, Bullets And Bodies: Sexual Politics Below Jamaica's Poverty Line." Beaten Track Publishing (2017), p. 288, ISBN 9781786451378 (retrieved 23 April 2024)
- ↑ Price, Charles, "Rastafari: The Evolution of a People and Their Identity." NYU Press (2022), p. 29, ISBN 9781479807154 (retrieved 23 April 2024)
- ↑ Barnett, Michael, "Rastafari in the New Millennium: A Rastafari Reader." Syracuse University Press (2014), p. 311, ISBN 9780815633600 (retrieved 23 April 2024)
- 1 2 3 4 Price, Charles, "Rastafari: The Evolution of a People and Their Identity." NYU Press (2022), pp. 29-30, ISBN 9781479807154 (retrieved 23 April 2024)
- ↑ Lansford, Tom, "Political Handbook of the World 2015." CQ Press (2015), p. 3101, ISBN 9781483371559 (retrieved 23 April 2024)
- ↑ The Gleaner, "Idle lands to willing hands ... Marcus Garvey party wants property distribution" (18 September 2015) (retrieved 23 April 2024)
- ↑ "Independents Unite To Unseat PNP, JLP". Jamaica Gleaner. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ↑ "Nomination day highlights". Jamaica Observer . 11 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
