1,4-Dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB,p-DCB,or para-dichlorobenzene,sometimes abbreviated as PDCB or para) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4Cl2. This colorless solid has a strong odor. The molecule consists of a benzene ring with two chlorine atoms (replacing hydrogen atoms) on opposing sites of the ring.
Dichloromethane is an organochlorine compound with the formula CH2Cl2. This colorless,volatile liquid with a chloroform-like,sweet odour is widely used as a solvent. Although it is not miscible with water,it is slightly polar,and miscible with many organic solvents.
Vinyl chloride is an organochloride with the formula H2C=CHCl. It is also called vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) or chloroethene. This colorless compound is an important industrial chemical chiefly used to produce the polymer,poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Vinyl chloride monomer is among the top twenty largest petrochemicals (petroleum-derived chemicals) in world production. The United States remains the largest vinyl chloride manufacturing region because of its low-production-cost position in chlorine and ethylene raw materials. China is also a large manufacturer and one of the largest consumers of vinyl chloride. Vinyl chloride is a flammable gas that has a sweet odor and is carcinogenic. It can be formed in the environment when soil organisms break down chlorinated solvents. Vinyl chloride that is released by industries or formed by the breakdown of other chlorinated chemicals can enter the air and drinking water supplies. Vinyl chloride is a common contaminant found near landfills. Before the 1970s,vinyl chloride was used as an aerosol propellant and refrigerant.
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 is a US labor law governing the federal law of occupational health and safety in the private sector and federal government in the United States. It was enacted by Congress in 1970 and was signed by President Richard Nixon on December 29,1970. Its main goal is to ensure that employers provide employees with an environment free from recognized hazards,such as exposure to toxic chemicals,excessive noise levels,mechanical dangers,heat or cold stress,or unsanitary conditions. The Act created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is the United States federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness. NIOSH is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Despite its name,it is not part of either the National Institutes of Health nor OSHA. Its current director is John Howard.
The term immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) is defined by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as exposure to airborne contaminants that is "likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment." Examples include smoke or other poisonous gases at sufficiently high concentrations. It is calculated using the LD50 or LC50. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulation defines the term as "an atmosphere that poses an immediate threat to life,would cause irreversible adverse health effects,or would impair an individual's ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere."
Chloroprene is the common name for 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene (IUPAC name) with the chemical formula CH2=CCl−CH=CH2. Chloroprene is a colorless volatile liquid,almost exclusively used as a monomer for the production of the polymer polychloroprene,better known as neoprene,a type of synthetic rubber.
An occupational hazard is a hazard experienced in the workplace. This encompasses many types of hazards,including chemical hazards,biological hazards (biohazards),psychosocial hazards,and physical hazards. In the United States,the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conduct workplace investigations and research addressing workplace health and safety hazards resulting in guidelines. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) establishes enforceable standards to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses. In the EU,a similar role is taken by EU-OSHA.
Eula Bingham was an American scientist,best known as an Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) during the Presidency of Jimmy Carter. During her tenure as the head of OSHA,she eliminated more than 1,000 pedantic regulations and shifted the agency's focus to health and safety risks,establishing strict standards for workers' rights to know about their exposure to hazardous substances.
Vinyl bromide is a simple vinyl halide. It is a colorless liquid. It is produced from ethylene dibromide. It is mainly used as a comonomer to confer fire retardant properties to acrylate polymers.
A recommended exposure limit (REL) is an occupational exposure limit that has been recommended by the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The REL is a level that NIOSH believes would be protective of worker safety and health over a working lifetime if used in combination with engineering and work practice controls,exposure and medical monitoring,posting and labeling of hazards,worker training and personal protective equipment. To formulate these recommendations,NIOSH evaluates all known and available medical,biological,engineering,chemical,trade,and other information. Although not legally enforceable limits,RELS are transmitted to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) or the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) of the U.S. Department of Labor for use in promulgating legal standards.
Workplace health surveillance or occupational health surveillance (U.S.) is the ongoing systematic collection,analysis,and dissemination of exposure and health data on groups of workers. The Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupational Health at its 12th Session in 1995 defined an occupational health surveillance system as "a system which includes a functional capacity for data collection,analysis and dissemination linked to occupational health programmes".
John F. (Jack) Finklea was a physician,professor,researcher,and public health administrator notable for his leadership of the Environmental Protection Agency's National Center for Environmental Research and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
John Donald Millar was a physician and public health administrator who rose to prominence as the director of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health from 1981 through 1993.
An occupational fatality is a death that occurs while a person is at work or performing work related tasks. Occupational fatalities are also commonly called "occupational deaths" or "work-related deaths/fatalities" and can occur in any industry or occupation.
A physical hazard is an agent,factor or circumstance that can cause harm with contact. They can be classified as type of occupational hazard or environmental hazard. Physical hazards include ergonomic hazards,radiation,heat and cold stress,vibration hazards,and noise hazards. Engineering controls are often used to mitigate physical hazards.
Occupational safety and health (OSH) or occupational health and safety (OHS),also known simply as occupational health or occupational safety,is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety,health,and welfare of people at work. These terms also refer to the goals of this field,so their use in the sense of this article was originally an abbreviation of occupational safety and health program/department etc. OSH is related to the fields of occupational medicine and occupational hygiene.
The New York and New Jersey Education and Research Center is one of eighteen Education and Research Centers funded by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). The NYNJERC was established in 1978.
The Mount Sinai Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health are a set of occupational and environmental health clinics that focus on the prevention,diagnosis,and treatment of workplace injuries and illnesses. Significant injuries and illnesses that are treated at the clinical centers include occupational lung cancers,manganese/silica/lead exposures,and asbestos-related illness,which was the career-long research of Dr. Irving Selikoff,the centers' inaugural director. The Selikoff Centers for Occupational Health's multidisciplinary health care team includes physicians,nurse practitioners,industrial hygienists,ergonomists,social workers,and benefits specialists,who are "leaders in the prevention,diagnosis and treatment of workplace injuries and illnesses," and provide comprehensive patient-centered services in New York City and Lower Hudson Valley. The clinical centers are located within the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai under the Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
The Division of Industrial Hygiene was a division of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) with responsibility for occupational safety and health programs. It existed from 1914 until 1971,when it became the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). It had several names during its existence,most notably the Office of Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation in its earlier years and the Division of Occupational Health during its later years.
