Margaret Stanley (virologist)

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Margaret Anne Stanley, OBE FMedSc, is a British virologist and epithelial biologist. She attended the Universities of London, Bristol, and Adelaide. [1] As of 2018, she is an Emeritus Professor of Epithelial Biology in the Department of Pathology at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences. [2] She is also an Honorary Fellow of the UK Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and an honorary fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. [3] Stanley is a research scientist in virology focusing on the human papillomavirus (HPV). [4] Her research work has led to new scientific findings on HPV. Additionally, she uses her expertise on HPV to serve on multiple advisory committees and journal editorial boards. [4]

Contents

Research

Stanley's main research interest is the pathogenesis of HPV, and she currently leads a research group focusing on the prevention and treatment of human papillomavirus infection, which causes cervical cancer. [5]

Early in her research, she generated a non-tumorigenic human cervical keratinocyte cell line, W12, from a low-grade cervical lesion. W12 cells can harbor HPV-16 episomes and thus allow researchers the ability to investigate the complex processes of cervical cancer development. [6] Additionally, she helped to discover the temporal association between high-level chromosomal instability and high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) integration, a key step in cervical carcinogenesis, such that integration precedes chromosomal abnormalities. [7]

She also studies the host cell responses to infection with the human papillomavirus in immunodeficient individualsimmunodeficient, most commonly HIV-positive immunosuppressant individuals. [8] Evidence from animal models shows that a CD4(+) T cell-dominated Th1 response leads to regression of anogenital warts, an effective cell-mediated immune response (CMI). [9] She states that a failure to produce this effective CMI response to the human papillomavirus facilitates viral persistence, and this can lead to the progression of high-grade disease and invasive cervical cancer. [10]

Career

From 2000 to 2003, she was a member of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). Since then, she has served on multiple UK Research Council committees. She has served on two of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council's (BBSRC) major committees and its council for the past ten years. Since 1991, she has been a fellow at Christ's College.[ citation needed ]

From 2004 to 2010, she served on the Spongiform Encephalopathies Advisory Committee (SEAC). [4] Stanley's involvement in the SEAC was to provide independent scientific data to the UK government on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) and advise the government's public health, food safety, and animal health policies.

In 2017, Stanley was recruited by the American Society of Clinical Oncology to be on a multidisciplinary expert panel that presented new evidence-based recommendations for primary cervical cancer prevention. [11] The number of recommended dosages of the HPV vaccine varies based on resource availability, age, and sex. Stanley endorses the reduction of the recommended HPV vaccine dosage from 3 to 2 for children aged 14 and younger. Additionally, she states that there is preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of just one dosage of the HPV vaccine, and further research needs to be conducted. [12]

Currently, Stanley serves as an expert on HPV for the HPV subcommittee of the UK's Joint Committee on Vaccines and Immunization. [4] She also serves on the editorial board for the following scientific journals: Sexually Transmitted Infections , Journal of Clinical Virology, and Reviews in Medical Virology. [1] Stanley is also working as a consultant for companies that market HPV vaccines. Some of these companies include GSK, MSD, and Sanofi Pasteur MSD. [4] She also works with small biotech firms that are creating therapeutic vaccines.  She serves as the Joint Committee on Vaccines and Immunization in the UK's HPV subcommittee's invited HPV expert. [13]

Advocacy

Stanley is a vocal advocate of HPV vaccination pre-puberty, specifically between the ages of 13 and early 20s. Stanley acknowledges that the recommended HPV vaccines have been shown to generate high enough concentrations of antibodies to fight the virus. [14] [15] Stanley also urges that both sexes be vaccinated because both are susceptible to HPV-related illnesses. [16] [17] She endorses both licensed HPV L1 VLP vaccines, the bivalent vaccine for HPV types 16 and 18 (Cervarix) and the quadrivalent vaccine for HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 (Gardasil). Stanley states that both licensed HPV vaccines are safe and highly immunogenic. [18]

Stanley is currently the Vice President of the International Papillomavirus Society (IPVS) and a member of the IPVS's Executive, Policy, and Strategy and Planning Committees. Her main work with the IPVS is encouraging nations to endorse and utilize the readily available and effective HPV vaccinations to help prevent and treat HIV infection in young people. [4]

Awards and honors

In 2004, Stanley was awarded an OBE for services to virology. [19] In 2010, she was given the Lifetime Achievement Award by the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) for her contributions to cervical cancer and cervical precancers research. [20] She also holds a lifetime award for achievement from the International Papillomavirus Society. [21] In 2023, Stanley received the Maurice Hilleman Award from the International Papillomavirus Society. [22]

Key papers

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wart</span> Small, rough growth resembling a cauliflower or a solid blister

Warts are non-cancerous viral growths usually occurring on the hands and feet but can also affect other locations, such as the genitals or face. One or many warts may appear. They are distinguished from cancerous tumors as they are caused by a viral infection, such as a human papillomavirus, rather than a cancerous growth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cervical cancer</span> Cancer arising from the cervix

Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix. It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Early on, typically no symptoms are seen. Later symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain or pain during sexual intercourse. While bleeding after sex may not be serious, it may also indicate the presence of cervical cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human papillomavirus infection</span> Human disease

Human papillomavirus infection is caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. Many HPV infections cause no symptoms and 90% resolve spontaneously within two years. In some cases, an HPV infection persists and results in either warts or precancerous lesions. These lesions, depending on the site affected, increase the risk of cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, tonsils, or throat. Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV, and two strains – HPV16 and HPV18 – account for 70% of all cases. HPV16 is responsible for almost 90% of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. Between 60% and 90% of the other cancers listed above are also linked to HPV. HPV6 and HPV11 are common causes of genital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genital wart</span> Sexually transmitted infection caused by certain types of human papillomaviruses

Genital warts are a sexually transmitted infection caused by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). They may be flat or project out from the surface of the skin, and their color may vary; brownish, white, pale yellow, pinkish-red, or gray. There may be a few individual warts or several, either in a cluster or merged together to look cauliflower-shaped. They can be itchy and feel burning. Usually they cause few symptoms, but can occasionally be painful. Typically they appear one to eight months following exposure. Warts are the most easily recognized symptom of genital HPV infection.

<i>Papillomaviridae</i> Family of viruses

Papillomaviridae is a family of non-enveloped DNA viruses whose members are known as papillomaviruses. Several hundred species of papillomaviruses, traditionally referred to as "types", have been identified infecting all carefully inspected mammals, but also other vertebrates such as birds, snakes, turtles and fish. Infection by most papillomavirus types, depending on the type, is either asymptomatic or causes small benign tumors, known as papillomas or warts. Papillomas caused by some types, however, such as human papillomaviruses 16 and 18, carry a risk of becoming cancerous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anal cancer</span> Medical condition

Anal cancer is a cancer which arises from the anus, the distal opening of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include bleeding from the anus or a lump near the anus. Other symptoms may include pain, itchiness, or discharge from the anus. A change in bowel movements may also occur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oncovirus</span> Viruses that can cause cancer

An oncovirus or oncogenic virus is a virus that can cause cancer. This term originated from studies of acutely transforming retroviruses in the 1950–60s, when the term "oncornaviruses" was used to denote their RNA virus origin. With the letters "RNA" removed, it now refers to any virus with a DNA or RNA genome causing cancer and is synonymous with "tumor virus" or "cancer virus". The vast majority of human and animal viruses do not cause cancer, probably because of longstanding co-evolution between the virus and its host. Oncoviruses have been important not only in epidemiology, but also in investigations of cell cycle control mechanisms such as the retinoblastoma protein.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Langerhans cell</span> Cell type

A Langerhans cell (LC) is a tissue-resident macrophage of the skin once thought to be a resident dendritic cell. These cells contain organelles called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis and are most prominent in the stratum spinosum. They also occur in the papillary dermis, particularly around blood vessels, as well as in the mucosa of the mouth, foreskin, and vaginal epithelium. They can be found in other tissues, such as lymph nodes, particularly in association with the condition Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Papilloma</span> Medical condition

A papilloma is a benign epithelial tumor growing exophytically in nipple-like and often finger-like fronds. In this context, papilla refers to the projection created by the tumor, not a tumor on an already existing papilla.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia</span> Medical condition

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), also known as cervical dysplasia, is the abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the cervix that could potentially lead to cervical cancer. More specifically, CIN refers to the potentially precancerous transformation of cells of the cervix.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HPV vaccine</span> Class of vaccines against human papillomavirus

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Available HPV vaccines protect against either two, four, or nine types of HPV. All HPV vaccines protect against at least HPV types 16 and 18, which cause the greatest risk of cervical cancer. It is estimated that HPV vaccines may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer, and show more than 90% efficacy in preventing HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. They additionally prevent some genital warts, with the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines that protect against HPV types HPV-6 and HPV-11 providing greater protection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gardasil</span> Human papillomavirus vaccine

Gardasil is an HPV vaccine for use in the prevention of certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). It was developed by Merck & Co. High-risk human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) genital infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection among women. The HPV strains that Gardasil protects against are sexually transmitted, specifically HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18. HPV types 16 and 18 cause an estimated 70% of cervical cancers, and are responsible for most HPV-induced anal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancer cases. HPV types 6 and 11 cause an estimated 90% of genital warts cases. HPV type 16 is responsible for almost 90% of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers, and the prevalence is higher in males than females. Though Gardasil does not treat existing infection, vaccination is still recommended for HPV-positive individuals, as it may protect against one or more different strains of the disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bovine papillomavirus</span> Group of viruses

Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) are a paraphyletic group of DNA viruses of the subfamily Firstpapillomavirinae of Papillomaviridae that are common in cattle. All BPVs have a circular double-stranded DNA genome. Infection causes warts of the skin and alimentary tract, and more rarely cancers of the alimentary tract and urinary bladder. They are also thought to cause the skin tumour equine sarcoid in horses and donkeys.

Cervarix is a vaccine against certain types of cancer-causing human papillomavirus (HPV).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harald zur Hausen</span> German virologist (1936–2023)

Harald zur Hausen NAS EASA APS was a German virologist. He carried out research on cervical cancer and discovered the role of papilloma viruses in cervical cancer, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2008. He was chairman of the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg.

HspE7 is an investigational therapeutic vaccine candidate being developed by Nventa Biopharmaceuticals for the treatment of precancerous and cancerous lesions caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). HspE7 uses recombinant DNA technology to covalently fuse a heat shock protein (Hsp) to a target antigen, thereby stimulating cellular immune system responses to specific diseases. HspE7 is a patented construct consisting of the HPV Type 16 E7 protein and heat shock protein 65 (Hsp65) and is currently the only candidate using Hsp technology to target the over 20 million Americans already infected with HPV.

Anna-Lise WilliamsonMASSAf is a Professor of Virology at the University of Cape Town. Williamson obtained her PhD from the University of the Witwatersrand in 1985. Her area of expertise is human papillomavirus, but is also known on an international level for her work in developing vaccines for HIV. These vaccines have been introduce in phase 1 of clinical trial. Williamson has published more than 120 papers.

Lutz Gissmann is a German virologist and was head of the division Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg until his retirement in 2015. Lutz Gissmann is known for his seminal research in the field of human papillomaviruses (HPV) and their causal association with human cancer, especially cervical cancer. In his early work, he demonstrated genetic heterogeneity among HPV isolates leading the way to the now well-established concept of distinct HPV types of which some are associated with specific benign or malignant disease. In the early 1980s in the laboratory of later Nobel Prize laureate Harald zur Hausen he was the first to isolate and characterize HPV16 and HPV18, the two most oncogenic HPV types causing the vast majority of HPV-induced anogenital and head-and-neck cancers. This groundbreaking work of Lutz Gissmann provided experimental evidence for the causal association of specific HPV types with human cancer, and laid the foundation for the development of prophylactic HPV vaccines for the prevention of cervical cancer and other HPV-induced cancers. His current research interest is on development of second generation prophylactic and therapeutic HPV vaccines.

Maria Saveria Campo FRSE, known as Saveria, is an Italian viral oncologist, known for being the first person to demonstrate an effective papillomavirus vaccine. She developed the vaccine alongside her colleague at the University of Bristol, England, Dr. Richard B.S. Roden. She went on to be recognized for her work and was awarded the position of Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2006. She has worked continuously in the field of Oncology up until her retirement.

Michelle Adair Ozbun is an American molecular virologist who is the Maralyn S. Budke Endowed Professor in Viral Oncology at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. Her research considers cancer biology and how human papillomavirus infections cause pathology including their contributions to cancers.

References

  1. 1 2 "Margaret Stanley". Archived from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  2. ↑ Academy of Medical Sciences: Fellows: Professor Margaret Stanley (accessed 6 January 2009)
  3. ↑ Christ's College, University of Cambridge: Prof Margaret Anne Stanley [ permanent dead link ] (accessed 6 January 2009)
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Stanley, Margaret". International Papillomavirus Society. 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  5. ↑ "Professor Margaret Stanley OBE". University of Cambridge. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  6. ↑ Stanley MA, Browne HM, Appleby M, & Minson AC (April 1989). "Properties of a non-tumorigenic human cervical keratinocyte cell line". International Journal of Cancer. 43 (4): 672–676. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910430422. PMID   2467886. S2CID   25064033.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Pett; et al. (February 2004). "Acquisition of High-Level Chromosomal Instability Is Associated with Integration of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 in Cervical Keratinocytes". Cancer Research. 64 (4): 1359–1368. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3214 . PMID   14973079.
  8. ↑ Stanley, MA, Sterling, JC (March 2014). "Host responses to infection with human papillomavirus". Current Problems in Dermatology. 45: 58–74. doi:10.1159/000355964. ISBN   978-3-318-02526-2. PMID   24643178.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ Stanley, Margaret (April 2012). "Epithelial cell responses to infection with human papillomavirus". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 25 (2): 215–222. doi:10.1128/cmr.05028-11. PMC   3346303 . PMID   22491770.
  10. ↑ Stanley, Margaret (20 October 2010). "HPV - immune response to infection and vaccination". Infectious Agents and Cancer. 5 (1): 19. doi: 10.1186/1750-9378-5-19 . ISSN   1750-9378. PMC   3161350 .
  11. ↑ Arrossi; et al. (March 2017). "Primary Prevention of Cervical Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Resource-Stratified Guideline". Journal of Global Oncology. 3 (5): 611–615. doi:10.1200/JGO.2016.008151. PMC   5646902 . PMID   29094100.
  12. ↑ Stanley, Margaret (July 2016). "Preventing cervical cancer and genital warts – How much protection is enough for HPV vaccines?". The Journal of Infection. 72 Supplemental: S23-28. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2016.04.018. PMID   27211079.
  13. ↑ "Stanley, Margaret". IPVS. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  14. ↑ “The development of vaccines and immunotherapies against human papillomaviruses, the cause of cervix cancer” event Nov. 2012 (Accessed 18 April 2016)
  15. ↑ The Naked Scientist Interview May 2010 (Accessed 18 April 2016)
  16. ↑ Brody, Herb (2012). "Human papillomavirus". Nature. 488 (7413): S1. Bibcode:2012Natur.488S...1B. doi: 10.1038/488S1a . PMID   22932432.
  17. ↑ Stanley, Margaret (2012). "Perspective: Vaccinate boys too". Nature. 488 (7413): S10. Bibcode:2012Natur.488S..10S. doi: 10.1038/488S10a . PMID   22932433. S2CID   6458476.
  18. ↑ Stanley, Margaret (September 2007). "Prophylactic HPV vaccines". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 60 (9): 961–965. doi:10.1136/jcp.2006.040568. PMC   1972442 . PMID   17259297.
  19. ↑ London Gazette (31 December 2003) Suppl. 1: S13
  20. ↑ "2010 Lifetime Achievement Award Recipients". American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  21. ↑ "Professor Margaret Stanley OBE". University of Cambridge. 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
  22. ↑ "2023 Maurice Hilleman award". IPVS. Retrieved 17 September 2023.

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