Maria Grazia Giammarinaro

Last updated
Maria Grazia Giammarinaro
Maria Grazia Giammarinaro.jpg
Born (1953-06-23) June 23, 1953 (age 70)
Palermo, Sicily, Italy
Nationality Italian

Maria Grazia Giammarinaro (born 23 June 1953) is an Italian judge and policy-maker.

Contents

Education

Giammarinaro graduated in 1975 with a doctorate in Italian Literature and Sociology from the University of Palermo, after which time she worked for several years as a high school teacher before studying law. Giammarinaro graduated with a doctorate in law from the Department of Civil Law, University of Palermo in 1986. [1]

Career History

Early Judicial Work

Giammarinaro first rose to prominence in Rome in 1991 where she was appointed as a Judge of the Criminal Court. [1] In this position, she dealt with, among others, cases of manslaughter resulting from medical malpractice and violations of safety regulations in exploitative working situations, as well as with cases of domestic violence [2] and exploitation of prostitution. As a practitioner dealing with gender-based violence, she actively participated in the national debate on the new law on sexual violence (Law No 66 of 15 February 1996 Norme contro la violenza sessuale). [3] [4]

Italian Government

In 1996, Giammarinaro was called to work for the Minister for Equal Opportunities as Head of the Legislative Office and Adviser to the Minister for Equal Opportunities. In this position, Giammarinaro provided complex substantive and legal advice to the Minister on a host of issues such as anti-discrimination legislation, [5] living-together agreements, regulations related to the transmission of the family name, domestic and sexual violence against women, the sexual abuse of children, alternative sanctions for women and children in detention, women's access to voluntary military service, migration regulation especially regarding family reunification and civil action against discrimination. [6] She was also tasked with providing advice on the smuggling of migrants and trafficking in human beings, and personally oversaw the development of Italian legislation against human trafficking. [7] [8] Her leadership in this area was recognized early on by the Italian Government when she was appointed as Co-ordinator of the Italian Inter-ministerial Committee of Government Action against Trafficking in Women and Children, co-chaired by the Minister for Equal Opportunities and the Minister for Social Solidarity from 1997–2001. In this co-ordinating function, Giammarinaro worked with the National Antimafia Directorate, the Headquarters of the Police, the Carabinieri and Guardia di Finanza, with government agencies and departments, to strengthen the Italian Government's response to human trafficking, as well as to improve communication and partnership with civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations.

Multi-lateral Treaty Negotiations

It was during her tenure as Adviser to the Minister that Giammarinaro was selected to represent the Italian Government in several high profile international and multi-lateral negotiations especially concerning transnational organized crime. In 1999–2000, Giammarinaro was a member of the Italian delegation to the Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children at the UN Commission for Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in Vienna. In particular, she contributed to the development of a global agreement on the definition of trafficking in human beings, especially concerning the "abuse of a position of vulnerability" as a key concept to address difficult cases of debt bondage, extreme poverty or psychological subjugation. She was in Palermo in 2000 when the Convention and the Protocol were signed. On this occasion she participated in an informal discussion with First Lady Hillary Clinton along with a few select personalities from around the world.

She was also the Italian representative at all G-8 meetings of the Lyon Group [9] concerning transnational organized crime, in particular the sub-group on Smuggling of Migrants and Trafficking in Persons, 1999–2000, and a member of the Italian delegation to the Committee on the elaboration of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 1997–1999. She was the main drafter of the first Italian Report submitted to the CEDAW Committee in 1999. [10] Giammarinaro was also an active member of the Italian delegation at the Rome Statute Conference in which the Statute of the International Criminal Court was approved in July 1998. At the Rome Statute negotiations, she actively contributed to the negotiations which resulted in the inclusion of human trafficking in the context of enslavement as a crime against humanity [11] in the jurisdiction of the first ever permanent, international war crimes court in The Hague.

Anti-Mafia Expertise

From 2001 to 2006, Giammarinaro served as a Pre-Trial Judge in the Preliminary Investigation Office of the Criminal Court of Rome.[ citation needed ] During this period, she developed particular expertise in human trafficking and organized crime cases, presiding over many complex large scale anti-mafia trials. She issued several important judgments dealing with a host of issues from terrorism, drug trafficking, torture, [12] voluntary homicide [13] and manslaughter to mafia association and trafficking in human beings. She contributed to developing and consolidating good judicial practices aimed at protecting victims' rights such as avoiding the repetition of interviews and visual contact with the defendant, while respecting the rights of the accused.

Council of Europe and European Commission

During this period, Giammarinaro was in charge of drafting a Feasibility Study for a Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings for the Secretariat of the Council of Europe. [14] Subsequently she took part as the Scientific Expert of the Secretariat in the whole negotiation of the Council of Europe Convention against Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, until its adoption in 2005. In the same period she was a member of the National Committee for Equal Opportunities of the National Judicial Council of Italy.

Giammarinaro served from 2006 until 2009 in the European Commission's Directorate-General for Justice, Freedom and Security of the European Commission in Brussels, where she was responsible for work to combat human trafficking and the sexual exploitation of children, as well as for penal aspects of illegal immigration within the unit dealing with the fight against organized crime. During this time she co-ordinated the Group of Experts on Trafficking in Human Beings of the European Commission. [1]

While at the European Commission, Giammarinaro was instrumental in the development of the 2011 EU Directive on trafficking. [15] Giammarinaro was the drafter of the first proposal for a Framework Decision on Trafficking, [16] subsequently transformed into a Directive, and is widely regarded as one of the main actors in the negotiation leading to the adoption of Directive 2011/36 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings, and protecting its victims. [17] Importantly, for the first time, an EU Directive in penal matters included strengthened victim provisions regarding victims' rights in criminal proceedings, assistance and support before, during and after criminal proceedings, and special protective provisions for child victims. [18] In 2010, Giammarinaro was selected and appointed as the third ever Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings of the OSCE for a four-year term which ended in 2014. [19]

Tenure as OSCE Special Representative

Mandate

As OSCE Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, Giammarinaro was equipped with an extensive mandate to promote the fight against trafficking in human beings. Supported by her Office, she engaged in continued dialogue with the 57 OSCE participating States to raise their awareness of the crime and strengthen their responses. Moreover, she actively contributed to national and regional conferences as well as expert meetings to promote the OSCE's human rights based approach to prevention, protection, prosecution and partnership. [20] Giammarinaro also worked in close co-operation with parliamentarians [21] [22] and the judiciary, [23] building capacities and strengthening support at the national level for combating human trafficking. All these activities were carried out in close co-operation with other OSCE structures, the participating States, governmental and non-governmental organizations, as well as with international partners, especially through the Alliance against Trafficking in Persons, such as the Council of Europe, UNODC, ILO, IOM, EU and others.

Country Visit Reports

During her OSCE tenure, she developed the practice of country visits, by which she delivered targeted and specific recommendations to national authorities on how to improve their Government's response to human trafficking. [24] In this capacity she made concrete improvements to the following countries which she visited: United Kingdom, [25] Canada, [26] Moldova, [27] Ireland, [28] [29] Portugal, [30] Azerbaijan, [31] Bosnia and Herzegovina, [32] [33] Romania, [34] [35] Kazakhstan [36] and Uzbekistan [37] [38] among others.

Main Achievements and Policy Platforms

Giammarinaro is widely credited for having raised the political profile of the fight against trafficking, [39] but also for having put forward a number of important and previously lesser-well known areas for advocacy and action: promoting a human rights based approach to combating human trafficking, [40] preventing the trafficking of children, [41] [42] raising the visibility of trafficking for labour exploitation [43] [44] and specifically, domestic servitude, [45] including in diplomatic households; [46] broadening the partnership to include especially NGOs and other civil society actors in combating trafficking; [47] promoting the implementation of the non-punishment of victims who were compelled to commit unlawful activities; [48] highlighting the linkages between discrimination, social justice and human trafficking, [49] and identifying the scope and scale of trafficking in human beings for organ removal, [50] among other areas. In 2011, Giammarinaro was interviewed on CNN's Freedom Project – Ending Modern Slavery by Jim Clancy, drawing attention to the growing problem of trafficking for labour exploitation and child trafficking in Europe. [51] Another important area of Giammarinaro's work has been on the non-punishment of victims, issued in the form of Recommendations of the Special Representative [52] in 2013, which were cited as a source considered by the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales in a landmark judgment [53] from the highest Court in the United Kingdom which overturned the convictions of four victims of human trafficking for crimes directly linked to their situation as trafficked persons. [54] [55] Giammarinaro was interviewed by UK's Observer in 2013 on the occasion of the release of her Recommendations, stating that "[m]any people including children are trafficked exactly for this purpose, for example pickpocketing or drug cultivation and this is a big problem because once they commit crimes they are actually treated as criminals". [55]

It was during the period of her mandate as OSCE SR that consensus was reached on new anti-trafficking commitments at the OSCE, including on the 2011 Vilnius Declaration on Combating All Forms of Human Trafficking [56] and notably on the Addendum to the Action Plan on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, [57] 2013 a forward looking document which updated OSCE commitments to reflect new trends and challenges which emerged since the adoption of the 2003 OSCE Action Plan. [58]

2012 Hero Award

In 2012, she received the Hero Award from the US State Department, [59] "in recognition of her exemplary leadership to increase engagement and strengthen commitments to fight human trafficking in the OSCE region, and to highlight the urgent issues of labour exploitation and domestic servitude in Europe". The US Government acknowledged some of the highlights of her tenure in the following way: "Dr. Giammarinaro shepherded the Ministerial Declaration on combating trafficking to adoption at the Vilnius Ministerial 2011. She has strengthened the OSCE's partnership through the Alliance against Trafficking in Persons, an informal platform of advocacy including UN agencies, international organizations, social partners, and international NGOs dealing with human rights and trafficking." [60]

Appointment as UN Special Rapporteur

On 26 June 2014, Giammarinaro was appointed by the President of the United Nations Human Rights Council as the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children, replacing Ms. Joy Ngozi Ezeilo. [61] A report by the Consultative Group to the HRC had proposed her as the most qualified candidate. [62]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</span> Security-oriented intergovernmental organization

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is a regional security-oriented intergovernmental organization comprising member states in Europe, North America, and Asia. Its mandate includes issues such as arms control, the promotion of human rights, freedom of the press, and free and fair elections. It employs around 3,460 people, mostly in its field operations but also in its secretariat in Vienna, Austria, and its institutions. It has observer status at the United Nations.

The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children is a protocol to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime. It is one of the three Palermo protocols, the others being the Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air and the Protocol Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trafficking of children</span> Form of human trafficking

Trafficking of children is a form of human trafficking and is defined by the United Nations as the "recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, and/or receipt" kidnapping of a child for the purpose of slavery, forced labour, and exploitation. This definition is substantially wider than the same document's definition of "trafficking in persons". Children may also be trafficked for adoption.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sex trafficking</span> Trade of sexual slaves

Sex trafficking is human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation. It has been called a form of modern slavery because of the way victims are forced into sexual acts non-consensually, in a form of sexual slavery. Perpetrators of the crime are called sex traffickers or pimps—people who manipulate victims to engage in various forms of commercial sex with paying customers. Sex traffickers use force, fraud, and coercion as they recruit, transport, and provide their victims as prostitutes. Sometimes victims are brought into a situation of dependency on their trafficker(s), financially or emotionally. Every aspect of sex trafficking is considered a crime, from acquisition to transportation and exploitation of victims. This includes any sexual exploitation of adults or minors, including child sex tourism (CST) and domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST).

Prostitution in Romania is not itself criminalized, although associated activities, such as procuring, are criminal offenses, and solicitation is a contravention punishable by fines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human rights in the Netherlands</span> Overview of the observance of human rights in the Netherlands

Human rights are codified in the Dutch constitution. Together with other European states, the Netherlands is often at or near the head in international civil liberties and political rights rankings. Per year there are about 6,000 victims of and 100 convictions for human trafficking. Despite this, the Netherlands is considered to have one of the best human rights records in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human trafficking in South Africa</span>

Human trafficking in South Africa is illegal occurs as a practice of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation among imported and exported trafficked men, women, and children. Generally, South African girls are trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and domestic servitude, while boys are used for street vending, food service, and agriculture. Anecdotal evidence suggests that South African children can also be forced to provide unpaid labor for landowners in return for land occupancy, living accommodation, or for maintaining labor tenancy rights. In any case, this form of unpaid labor has caused human trafficking to be described as a modern form of slavery. Human trafficking is the result of a combination of several factors, including gender inequality, economic instability, and political conflict. Since Africa experiences all of these, it is an active hub for human trafficking. Many urge for the need of a cultural shift to reduce instances of human trafficking by lessening the demand for sex and unpaid labor.

Turkey is a top destination for victims of human trafficking, according to a report produced by the UNDOC. Source countries for identified victims of trafficking in 2008 included Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Romania, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Indonesia, and Morocco. Notably, Russian organized crime syndicates engage in trafficking of women for prostitution, and Russian and Ukrainian women have turned up in many European countries, including Turkey. U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 2" in 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human trafficking</span> Trade of humans for exploitation

Human trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation. Human trafficking can occur within a country or trans-nationally. It is distinct from people smuggling, which is characterized by the consent of the person being smuggled.

Human trafficking in Canada is prohibited by law, and is considered a criminal offence whether it occurs entirely within Canada or involves the "transporting of persons across Canadian borders. Public Safety Canada (PSC) defines human trafficking as "the recruitment, transportation, harbouring and/or exercising control, direction or influence over the movements of a person in order to exploit that person, typically through sexual exploitation or forced labour. It is often described as a modern form of slavery."

The United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN.GIFT) is a multi-stakeholder initiative providing global access to expertise, knowledge and innovative partnerships to combat human trafficking.

Albania is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced prostitution and forced labor, including the forced begging of children. Albanian victims are subjected to conditions of forced labor and sex trafficking within Albania and Greece, Italy, North Macedonia, Kosovo, and Western Europe. Approximately half of the victims referred for care within the country in 2009 were Albanian; these were primarily women and girls subjected to conditions of forced prostitution in hotels and private residences in Tirana, Durres, Elbasan, and Vlora. Children were primarily exploited for begging and other forms of forced labor. There is evidence that Albanian men have been subjected to conditions of forced labor in the agricultural sector of Greece and other neighboring countries.

Armenia is a source country for women subjected to trafficking in persons (TIP), specifically forced prostitution; a source and destination country for women in forced labor; and a source country for men in forced labor. Women from Armenia are subjected to sex trafficking in the United Arab Emirates and Turkey.

Nigeria is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children subjected to trafficking in persons including forced labour and forced prostitution. The U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 2 Watchlist" in 2017. Trafficked people, particularly women and children, are recruited from within and outside the country's borders – for involuntary domestic servitude, sexual exploitation, street hawking, domestic servitude, mining, begging etc. Some are taken from Nigeria to other West and Central African countries, primarily Gabon, Cameroon, Ghana, Chad, Benin, Togo, Niger, Burkina Faso, and the Gambia, for the same purposes. Children from other West African states like Benin, Togo, and Ghana – where Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) rules allow for easy entry – are also forced to work in Nigeria, and some are subjected to hazardous jobs in Nigeria's granite mines. Europe, especially Italy and Russia, the Middle East and North Africa, are prime destinations for forced prostitution.Nigerians accounted for 21% of the 181,000 migrants that arrived in Italy through the Mediterranean in 2016 and about 21,000 Nigerian women and girls have been trafficked to Italy since 2015.

Victims' rights are legal rights afforded to victims of crime. These may include the right to restitution, the right to a victims' advocate, the right not to be excluded from criminal justice proceedings, and the right to speak at criminal justice proceedings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Susana Trimarco</span> Argentine activist

Sara Susana del Valle Trimarco de Veron, or Susana Trimarco, is an Argentinian human rights activist, whose efforts to combat human trafficking and corruption have been recognized internationally. After the 2002 disappearance of her daughter, who is believed to have been kidnapped by a human trafficking network, she spent years searching for her daughter, and started a foundation to support victims of sex trafficking. Her lobbying is credited as bringing corruption and government impunity to the fore in Argentina, a discussion which led to a 2011 law banning the advertisement of sexual services in newspapers and magazines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue Heart Campaign</span> Anti-trafficking program by the UNODC

The Blue Heart Campaign is an international anti-trafficking program started by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Established in 1997, the UNODC supported countries in implementing three UN drug protocols. In 2000, after the UN General Assembly adopted the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, the UNODC became the “guardian” of that protocol and assumed the functions of fighting against human trafficking. The Blue Heart Campaign was launched in March 2009 by the Executive Director of the UNODC, Antonio Maria Costa, during his address to the World's Women's Conference meeting in Vienna. The campaign's symbol is a blue heart. The Blue Heart Campaign uses its website, as well as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Flickr to communicate goals, objectives, and news with the public.

Global Centurion is a non-profit organization that works to combat modern slavery by focusing on demand. To date, efforts to combat human trafficking have focused on rescue and restoration of victims, and prosecution of traffickers. Few efforts focus on the buyers – those that fuel the market for human trafficking – whether its sex, labor or organ trafficking. Global Centurion believes that in order to combat human trafficking, a comprehensive approach is required, one that recognizes the "slavery triangle:" the supply (victims), demand ("buyers"), and distribution (traffickers). Global Centurion addresses the demand side in three ways: 1) Research on demand reduction and related issues; 2) training and awareness programs targeting demand; and 3) partnerships and collaboration. A key project is the creation of an international modern slavery case law database, with over 6,000 cases from around the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cybersex trafficking</span> Online sexual exploitation

Cybersex trafficking, live streaming sexual abuse, webcam sex tourism/abuse or ICTs -facilitated sexual exploitation is a cybercrime involving sex trafficking and the live streaming of coerced sexual acts and/or rape on webcam.

Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine has been committed by Armed Forces of Russia, including the use of mass rape as a weapon of war. According to the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, the victims of sexual assault by Russian soldiers ranged from 4 years old to over 80 years old.

References

  1. 1 2 3 OSCE Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, Maria Grazia Giammarinaro, Bio
  2. ↑ "Judgment from Criminal Court of Rome, TRIBUNALE PENALE DI ROMA, SEZIONE DEL GIUDICE PER L'UDIENZA PRELIMINARE UFFICIO 39°, N. 1003/4 SENTENZA, IL GUIDICE MARIA GRAZIA GIAMMARINARO". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
  3. ↑ "Government of Italy, Law No 66 of 15 February 1996 Norme contro la violenza sessuale (Provisions against sexual violence)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  4. ↑ ""Violenza domestica. Un convegno del circolo romano Udi-La Goccia", C. Giardinelli, DW Press, 2 October 1996". Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  5. ↑ “Equality between Men and Women in the European Charter of Fundamental Rights”, M. Giammarinaro, Congress of the European Women Lawyers Association (EWLA) Sevilla, June 2001 [ permanent dead link ]
  6. ↑ ""I confini dell'illecito" Marina Marrazzi e Francesca Sandri intervista a M Grazia Giammarinaro, capo dell'Ufficio Legislativo del Ministro per le Pari Opportunità, Galileo, March 2000". Archived from the original on 2014-05-08. Retrieved 2014-05-08.
  7. ↑ “Osservatorio internazionale: Neo – schiavismo, servitù e lavoro forzato: uno sguardo internazionale”, M. Giammarinaro, Questione Giustizia, pp. 543–551, 2000
  8. ↑ "Prime valutazioni sull'attuazione delle norme sul traffico di persone", M. Giammarinaro, DIRITTO, IMMIGRAZIONE E CITTADINANZA, 2000, (3), 53–61.
  9. ↑ G8 Against Transnational Organized Crime, A. Scherrer, 2009, Ashgate Press.
  10. ↑ "Donne 2000: Rapporto del Governo italiano alle Nazioni Unite", Government of Italy, 1999
  11. ↑ Rome Statute, International Criminal Court, Article 7.(2)(3), Crimes against Humanity: "Enslavement" means the exercise of any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership over a person and includes the exercise of such power in the course of trafficking in persons, in particular women and children;".
  12. ↑ "Torturò il figlio condannata la madre crudele – la Repubblica.it". 23 September 2004.
  13. ↑ “Cassazione, confermata pena a Marmigi per morte al Gianicolo di Paola Bianchi”, Il Messagero, 17 April 2009, Article describing confirmation of Judge Giammarinaro’s sentence by the Corte diCassazione
  14. ↑ https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=CM(2002)129&Language=lanEnglish&Site=COE&BackColorInternet=DBDCF2&BackColorIntranet=FDC864&BackColorLogged=FDC864 [ bare URL ]
  15. ↑ "EUR-Lex – 32011L0036 – EN – EUR-Lex". Archived from the original on 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2014-05-09.
  16. ↑ "EUR-Lex – 32002F0629 – EN – EUR-Lex".
  17. ↑ Marie-Therese.Filip. "Interview on human trafficking with Maria Grazia Giammarinaro". Archived from the original on 2015-05-14. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
  18. ↑ "Sign In" (PDF).[ dead link ]
  19. ↑ "Italian expert appointed OSCE Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings – OSCE".
  20. ↑ "Annual Reports of the OSCE Office of the Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating THB – OSCE".
  21. ↑ vanessa.barchfield. "Special Representative calls for victim protection at UK Parliament's Modern Slavery Bill Evidence Review". Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2014-05-09.
  22. ↑ stephen. "Enhance protection of human trafficking victims' rights, OSCE tells UK". Archived from the original on 2014-05-11. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
  23. ↑ martin.margesin. "International Seminar on "The Critical Role of the Judiciary in Combating Trafficking in Human Beings"".
  24. ↑ "Country visit reports by the OSCE Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings – OSCE".
  25. ↑ "Report by OSCE Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, following her visit to the UK, 7–10 March 2011 – OSCE".
  26. ↑ "Report by OSCE Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, following her visit to Canada, 6–12 August 2011 – OSCE".
  27. ↑ OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (2012-07-19). "Report by OSCE Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, following her visit to Moldova, 31 October – 3 November 2011". OSCE. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  28. ↑ OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (2013-02-21). "Report by Maria Grazia Giammarinaro, OSCE Special Representative and Co-ordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, following her visit to Ireland from 30 January to 2 February 2012". OSCE. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  29. ↑ "Strong Action Required to Combat Slavery in Ireland – MRCI".
  30. ↑ http://www.cig.gov.pt/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/20131212_pressrelease.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  31. ↑ OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (2012-09-27). "Special Representative urges Azerbaijan to enhance measures for addressing labour trafficking". OSCE. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  32. ↑ "Radnici s Balkana često žrtve eksploatacije". 15 June 2012.
  33. ↑ "Trafficking in human beings is a massive fenomenon (Maria Grazia Giammarinaro, OSCE)". Oscebih.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  34. ↑ OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (2013-09-12). "Special Representative encourages Romania to continue its anti-trafficking efforts". OSCE. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  35. ↑ "State Secretary Bogdan Aurescu received OSCE Special Representative and Coordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, Maria-Grazia Giammarinaro – Ministry of Foreign Affairs".
  36. ↑ OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (2013-07-04). "Special Representative calls for enhanced support to trafficking victims during country visit to Kazakhstan". OSCE. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  37. ↑ OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (2013-11-13). "Special Representative, in Uzbekistan, called for co-operative efforts to stop human trafficking". OSCE. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  38. ↑ "OSCE is ready to continue assisting Uzbekistan in fight against human trafficking". 19 November 2013.
  39. ↑ "2012 TIP Report Heroes".
  40. ↑ “Make rights of victims a priority in fight against trafficking – Giammarinaro: Victims should receive immediate and unconditional assistance and support”, News Africa, September 2010
  41. ↑ "Protecting the rights of every child is key to preventing trafficking, OSCE Special Representative says at Alliance meeting – OSCE".
  42. ↑ "Europe's Invisible Children – Inter Press Service". 2 April 2013.
  43. ↑ IIEA1 (13 February 2012). "Dr. Maria Grazia Giammarinaro on Policy Dilemmas in Preventing Trafficking in Human Beings" – via YouTube.
  44. ↑ Marie-Therese.Filip. "Trafficking for labour exploitation to be tackled as serious crime". Archived from the original on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2014-05-09.
  45. ↑ "More protections needed for domestic workers' rights, OSCE Special Representative says in Cork – OSCE".
  46. ↑ "Prevention of domestic servitude in diplomatic households imperative, says OSCE Special Representative, in The Hague – OSCE".
  47. ↑ "OSCE Special Representative urges enhanced role for NGOs in promoting empowerment and social inclusion of trafficked persons – OSCE".
  48. ↑ "Trafficking victims who commit crimes under coercion should not be punished, says OSCE Special Representative – OSCE".
  49. ↑ "OSCE Special Representative Maria Grazia Giammarinaro on the Role of Discrimination in Human Trafficking – OHRH".
  50. ↑ "New report sheds light on trafficking for organ removal in OSCE region – OSCE".
  51. ↑ "Slavery report will name, shame nations".
  52. ↑ "Policy and legislative recommendations towards the effective implementation of the non-punishment provision with regard to victims of trafficking – OSCE".
  53. ↑ THE LORD CHIEF JUSTICE OF ENGLAND AND WALES
    LORD JUSTICE MOSES
    and
    MRS JUSTICE THIRLWALL. "2013 EWCA Crim 991, in R. v. L, HVN, THN and T, available online".
  54. ↑ "Vietnamese trafficking victims win appeal against convictions". BBC News. 21 June 2013 – via bbc.com.
  55. 1 2 Grant, Harriet (6 April 2013). "Human trafficking victims tell of drug factory ordeal". The Guardian.
  56. ↑ "Ministerial Declaration on Combating All Forms of Human Trafficking – OSCE".
  57. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-05-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  58. ↑ "OSCE Action Plan on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings – OSCE".
  59. ↑ "Secretary Clinton With TIP Hero Maria Grazia Giammarinaro". 19 June 2012.
  60. ↑ See also, Statement of the Permanent Mission of the US to the Permanent Council December 2013 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
  61. ↑ Administrator (30 June 2014). "The Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW) – The Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW)".
  62. ↑ United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, "Report of the Consultative Group to the President of the Human Rights Council relating to the vacancies of special procedures mandate holders", June 2014

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.