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James Joseph Heckman is a Nobel Prize winning American economist who is currently at the University of Chicago, where he is The Henry Schultz Distinguished Service Professor in Economics and the College; Professor at the Harris School of Public Policy; Director of the Center for the Economics of Human Development (CEHD); and Co-Director of Human Capital and Economic Opportunity (HCEO) Global Working Group. He is also Professor of Law at the Law School, a senior research fellow at the American Bar Foundation, and a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. In 2000, Heckman shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Daniel McFadden, for his pioneering work in econometrics and microeconomics. As of December 2020, according to RePEc, he is the second most influential economist in the world.
The United States had an official resident population of 331,893,745 on July 1, 2021, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. This figure includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia but excludes the population of five unincorporated U.S. territories as well as several minor island possessions. The United States is the third most populous country in the world. The Census Bureau showed a population increase of 0.8% for the twelve-month period ending in July 2012. Though high by industrialized country standards, this is below the world average annual rate of 1.1%. The total fertility rate in the United States estimated for 2021 is 1.664 children per woman, which is below the replacement fertility rate of approximately 2.1.
Millennials, also known as Generation Y or Gen Y, are the demographic cohort following Generation X and preceding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years, with the generation typically being defined as people born from 1981 to 1996. Most millennials are the children of baby boomers and early Gen Xers; millennials are often the parents of Generation Alpha.
Proposition 209 is a California ballot proposition which, upon approval in November 1996, amended the state constitution to prohibit state governmental institutions from considering race, sex, or ethnicity, specifically in the areas of public employment, public contracting, and public education. Modeled on the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the California Civil Rights Initiative was authored by two California academics, Glynn Custred and Tom Wood. It was the first electoral test of affirmative action policies in North America. It passed with 55% in favor to 45% opposed.
Hispanic and Latino Americans are Americans of Spanish, and/or Latin American ancestry. More broadly, these demographics include all Americans who identify as Hispanic or Latino regardless of ancestry. As of 2020, the Census Bureau estimated that there were almost 65.3 million Hispanics and Latinos living in the United States and Puerto Rico.
Civic engagement or civic participation is any individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern. Civic engagement includes communities working together or individuals working alone in both political and non-political actions to protect public values or make a change in a community. The goal of civic engagement is to address public concerns and promote the quality of the community.
The Mexican American Political Association (MAPA) is an organization based in California that promotes the interests of Mexican-Americans, Mexicans, Latinos, Chicanos, Hispanics, and Latino economic refugees in the United States. Founded in 1960, their goal was to further incorporate Mexican-Americans into American politics and society through increased voter turnout and election to public office. MAPA, alongside the rest of the member organizations of the Political Association of Spanish-Speaking Organizations (PASSO), developed from the Viva Kennedy Campaign to elect John F. Kennedy president.
Hispanic and Latino American Muslims are Hispanic and Latino Americans who are of the Islamic faith. Hispanic and Latino Americans are an ethnolinguistic group of citizens of the United States with origins in Spain and Latin America. Islam is an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God (Allah), and that Muhammad is a messenger of God. The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran, claimed to be the verbatim word of God, and the teachings and normative examples of Muhammad. Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam, Abraham, Moses and Jesus, and the Quran in its Arabic to be the unaltered and final revelation of God. The Spaniards took the Roman Catholic faith to Latin America via imperialism and colonialism; Roman Catholicism continues to be the largest, but not the only, religious denomination among most Hispanics. In contrast, the Arabs took Islam to very few Latin American countries such as Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala and Colombia via post-independence immigration.
Latino Americans have received a growing share of the national vote in the United States due to their increasing population. They have traditionally been a key Democratic Party constituency, but more recently have begun to split between the Democrats and the Republican Party.
The Democratic Party of the United States is composed of various factions or wings, some with significant overlap.
In the United States, a white Hispanic or Latino is an individual who self-identifies as white and is of full or partial Hispanic or Latino descent, the largest group being white Mexican Americans. Although not differentiated in the U.S. Census definition, White Latino Americans may also be defined to include only those who identify as white and either originate from or have descent from countries in Latin America that speak Romance languages such as Brazil, Haiti, and French Guiana.
Black Hispanic and Latino Americans, also called Afro-Hispanics, Afro-Latinos or Black Hispanics, or Black Latinos are classified by the United States Census Bureau, Office of Management and Budget, and other U.S. government agencies as Black people living in the United States with ancestry in Spain or Latin America and/or who speak Spanish, and/or Portuguese as their first language.
Hispanic and Latino are ethnonyms used to refer collectively to the inhabitants of the United States who are of Spanish or Latin American ancestry. While the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, for example, by the United States Census Bureau, Hispanic includes people with ancestry from Spain and Latin American Spanish-speaking countries, while Latino includes people from Latin American countries that were formerly colonized by Spain and Portugal.
The American Society of Hispanic Economists (ASHE) is a professional association of economists in the United States that promotes the representation of Hispanic Americans within the economics profession and supports economic research relevant to Hispanic Americans. ASHE is recognized by the American Economic Association as one of the academic organizations comprising the Allied Social Sciencs Associations.
Non-Hispanic whites or Non-Latino whites are Americans who identify as "white", and are not of Hispanic or Latino heritage. The United States Census Bureau defines white to include European Americans, Middle Eastern Americans, Central Asian Americans, and North African Americans. Americans of European ancestry represent ethnic groups and more than half of the white population are German, Irish, Scottish, English, Italian and Polish Americans. In the United States, this population was first derived from English settlement of the Americas, as well as settlement by other Europeans such as the Germans and Dutch that began in the 17th century. Continued growth since the early 19th century is attributed to sustained very high birth rates alongside relatively low death rates among settlers and natives alike as well as periodically massive immigration from European countries, especially Germany, Ireland, England, Italy, Greece, the Netherlands, France and Wales, as well as Poland, Russia, and many more countries. It typically refers to an English-speaking American in distinction to Spanish speakers in Mexico and the Southwestern states. In some parts of the country, the term Anglo-American is used to refer to non-Hispanic white English speakers as distinct from Spanish speakers although the term is more frequently used to refer to people of British or English descent and might include white people of Hispanic descent who no longer speak Spanish.
The Latino vote or refers to the voting trends during elections in the United States by eligible voters of Latino background. This phrase is usually mentioned by the media as a way to label voters of this ethnicity, and to opine that this demographic group could potentially tilt the outcome of an election, and how candidates have developed messaging strategies to this ethnic group.
Latino Americans make up an increasing share of the United States (U.S.) electorate. A record 29 million Latinos were eligible to vote in the 2018 midterm elections, accounting for 12.8% of all eligible voters, a new high. They made up an estimated 11% of all voters nationwide on Election Day, nearly matching their share of the U.S. eligible voter population.
Hispanic and Latino Nevadans are residents of the state of Nevada who are of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the 2020 U.S. Census, Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 28.3% of the state's population.
Latinx is a neologism in American English, sometimes used to refer to people of Latin American cultural or ethnic identity in the United States. The gender-neutral ⟨-x⟩ suffix replaces the ⟨-o/-a⟩ ending of Latino and Latina that are typical of grammatical gender in Spanish. Its plural is Latinxs. Words used for similar purposes include Latin@ and Latine. Related gender-neutral neologisms include Chicanx and Xicanx.
Refugio I. Rochin is an American professor emeritus in agricultural and resource economics and Chicana/o studies at the University of California, Davis, director emeritus at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and instructor at Pennsylvania State University World Campus. He is an expert on rural Latinas/os and Latina/o Studies.
References
- ↑ "López, Mark Hugo, 1967-". LC Name Authority File. Library of Congress. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ↑ "Mark Hugo Lopez". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
- ↑ "Latinos See Better Economic Times Ahead | Pew Research Center". 2016-06-08. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
- ↑ "Among recent high school grads, Hispanic college enrollment rate surpasses that of whites". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
- ↑ "Latino Population Growth and Dispersion in U.S. Slows Since the Recession | Pew Research Center". 2016-09-08. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
- ↑ "Hispanic or Latino? Many don't care, except in Texas". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
- ↑ "Democrats Maintain Edge as Party 'More Concerned' for Latinos, but Views Similar to 2012 | Pew Research Center". 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
- ↑ "Millennials Make Up Almost Half of Latino Eligible Voters in 2016 | Pew Research Center". 2016-01-19. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
- ↑ "National Survey of Latinos". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
- ↑ "American Society of Hispanic Economists | ASHE". www.asheweb.net. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
- ↑ "American Economic Association". www.aeaweb.org. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
- 1 2 "CSMGEP Profiles: Mark Hugo Lopez, Pew Research Center". American Economic Association . Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ↑ Suzanne Gamboa and Nicole Acevedo. "The new Latino landscape". NBC News . Retrieved September 18, 2021. Published on Sept. 15, 2021.
