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Négritude is a framework of critique and literary theory, developed mainly by francophone intellectuals, writers, and politicians of the African diaspora during the 1930s, aimed at raising and cultivating "Black consciousness" across Africa and its diaspora. Négritude gathers writers such as sisters Paulette and Jeanne Nardal, Martinican poet Aimé Césaire, Abdoulaye Sadji, Léopold Sédar Senghor, and Léon Damas of French Guiana. Négritude intellectuals disavowed colonialism, racism and Eurocentrism. They promoted African culture within a framework of persistent Franco-African ties. The intellectuals employed Marxist political philosophy, in the Black radical tradition. The writers drew heavily on a surrealist literary style, and some say they were also influenced somewhat by the Surrealist stylistics, and in their work often explored the experience of diasporic being, asserting one's self and identity, and ideas of home, home-going and belonging.
Léon-Gontran Damas was a French poet and politician. He was one of the founders of the Négritude movement. He also used the pseudonym Lionel Georges André Cabassou.
Gabriel Oba-Apounou is a Congolese politician. During the single-party rule of the Congolese Labour Party (PCT), he was First Secretary of the Congolese Socialist Youth Union; he also served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as Minister of Youth from 1979 to 1985, Minister of Agriculture from 1985 to 1989, and as Minister of State for Youth and Rural Development from 1989 to 1991. Later, he was First Vice-President of the National Assembly from 2002 to 2007, and he has been a member of the Senate since 2008.
René Depestre is a Haitian poet and former communist activist. He is considered to be one of the most prominent figures in Haitian literature. He lived in Cuba as an exile from the Duvalier regime for many years and was a founder of the Casa de las Américas publishing house. He is best known for his poetry.
Benjamin Bounkoulou was a Congolese politician who served in the government of the Republic of the Congo as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1992 to 1995 under President Pascal Lissouba. He was President of the Union for the Republic (UR), a political party, from 1995. Bounkoulou was Second Vice-President of the National Transitional Council from 1998 to 2002, and First Vice-President of the Senate from 2002 to 2011. After failing to win re-election to the Senate in 2011, he was instead elected to the National Assembly in 2012 and served as President of the National Assembly's Foreign Affairs Commission.
Lamine Diakhate was an author, poet and literary critic of the négritude school and has served his country as a politician and diplomat.
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Présence Africaine is a pan-African quarterly cultural, political, and literary magazine, published in Paris, France, and founded by Alioune Diop in 1947. In 1949, Présence Africaine expanded to include a publishing house and a bookstore on rue des Écoles in the Latin Quarter of Paris. The journal was highly influential in the Pan-Africanist movement, the decolonisation struggle of former French colonies, and the birth of the Négritude movement.
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Jacques Rabemananjara was a Malagasy politician, playwright and poet. He served as a government minister, rising to Vice President of Madagascar. Rabemananjara was said to be the most prolific writer of his negritude generation after Senghor, and he had the first négritude poetry published.
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Justin Mikolo-Kinzonzi is a Congolese politician. He was Second Vice-president of the National People's Assembly of Congo-Brazzaville during the 1970s. From 2002 to 2011, he served in the Senate of Congo-Brazzaville, and during that time he was President of the Parliamentary Group of the Congolese Labour Party (PCT) in the Senate.
Benoît Bati is a Congolese politician who served in the government of Congo-Brazzaville as minister-delegate for the digital economy from 2016 to 2017. Previously he was a deputy in the National Assembly of Congo-Brazzaville from 2002 to 2016, and he has been president of the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly since 2017.
Jeanne "Jane" Nardal was a French writer, philosopher, teacher, and political commentator from Martinique. She and her sister, Paulette Nardal, are considered to have laid the theoretical and philosophical groundwork of the Négritude movement, a cultural, political, and literary movement, which first emerged in 1930s, Paris and sought to unite Black intellectuals in the current and former French colonies. The term "Négritude" itself was coined by Martiniquan writer-activist Aimé Césaire, one of the three individuals formally recognized as the "fathers" of the cultural movement, along with Senegalese poet Léopold Senghor and French Guianese writer Léon Damas. It was not until relatively recently, however, that the women involved in the Négritude movement, including Jane and Paulette Nardal, began to receive the recognition they were due.
Paulette Nardal was a French writer from Martinique, a journalist, and one of the drivers of the development of black literary consciousness. She was one of the authors involved in the creation of the Négritude genre and introduced French intellectuals to the works of members of the Harlem Renaissance through her translations.
The Ligue de défense de la race nègre was an originally French civil rights organization of Black persons. It was founded in 1927 out of a predecessor organization whose roots went back to 1924. Its headquarters were in Paris, but in 1937 the French organization was disbanded. Under the name Liga zur Verteidigung der Negerrasse, there was a German section in Berlin from 1929 to 1935.
References
- ↑ Sharpley‐Whiting, T. Denean (2000). "Femme négritude : Jane Nardal, La Dépêche africaine , and the francophone new negro". Souls. 2 (4): 8–17. doi:10.1080/10999940009362232. ISSN 1099-9949.
- ↑ "La Dépêche africaine - SISMO". sismo.inha.fr. Retrieved 2023-09-28.
page on the French Senate website
page on the French National Assembly website More details in the French Version
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