Mechanography

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Mechanography
Purposeassessment of muscle function

Mechanography (also referred to as jumping mechanography or Muscle Mechanography [1] ) is a medical diagnostic measurement method for motion analysis and assessment of muscle function and muscle power by means of physical parameters. The method is based on measuring the variation of the ground reaction forces over the time for motion patterns close to typical every day movements (e.g. chair rise or jumps). From these ground reaction forces centre of gravity related physical parameters like relative maximum forces, velocity, power output, kinetic energy, potential energy, height of jump or whole body stiffness [2] are calculated. If the ground reaction forces are measured separately for left and right leg in addition body imbalances during the motions can be analysed. This enables for example to document the results of therapy. [3] [4] The same methodology can also be used for gait analysis [5] [6] or for analysis of stair climbing, [7] grip strength [8] and Posturography. [9] Due to the utilization of every-day movements reproducibility is high over a wide age range [10]

Contents

Fields of application

Typical fields of applications of Mechanography are in the field of geriatrics [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] especially in the field of Sarcopenia [23] but also for Master Athletes. [24] Mechanography is also used frequently in pediatrics for basic research ins muscle function and growth, [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] reference Data [8] [34] [35] as well as in specific diseases like Prader–Willi syndrome, [36] Obesity, [37] [38] Osteogenesis Imperfecta [39] [40] [41] [42] and cerebral palsy. [43] In opposite to many other established measurements methods like Chair Rising Test, Stand-up and Go test and others [44] [45] the maximum power output relative to body weight during a jump of maximum height measured by Mechanography is a much better reproducible and does not have a training effect even when repeated more frequently. [46]

Based on this test (maximum relative power output of a jump as high as possible) Runge et al. and Schönau et al. defined reference values of a fit population in order to match the individual power output in relation to bodyweight, age and gender [14] [31] Tsubaki [47] [48] showed when using identical selection criteria as Runge that the relative Power of the Japanese population is identical with western European population which delimits the need for localized reference data. Runge et al. also showed the interrelation between the measured individual power output and the neuromuscular caused fall risk. [49]

Due to this objective and highly reproducible quantification of typical every day movements by means of physical parameters the Mechanography is well suited to document the physical state of a person [14] [50] [51] as well as the effects of training or therapy. [3] [17] [38] [52] [53] [54] [55] Because of this it is also one of the standard measurements in recent and current Bed Rest Studies of the European Space Agency (ESA). [53] [56] [57] [58] and the Mars500 Mission. [59]

Mechanography has also been used to explore the relation between muscle and bone. According to the Mechanostat theorem muscle function influences bone growth. By combining functional measurement methods like Mechanography and quantitative computer tomographic measurements analysing bone density, geometry and strength this relationship can be assessed. [28] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [13] [65] [66] In sports research Mechanography has been used to assess principle training effects. [67] [21] [68]

Mechanography Devices

The standard Mechanography measurement devices as used in all referenced articles are the Leonardo Mechanograph™ systems supplied by Novotec Medical GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany.

Resources

  1. ↑ Taani MH, Kovach CR, Buehring B: Muscle Mechanography: A Novel Method to Measure Muscle Function in Older Adults., Res Gerontol Nurs, 10(1):17-24, 2017; PMID   28112354
  2. ↑ Farley CT, Houdijk HH, Van Strien C, Louie M: Mechanism of leg stiffness adjustment for hopping on surfaces of different stiffnesses, Mechanism of leg stiffness adjustment for hopping on surfaces of different stiffnesses, PMID   9729582
  3. 1 2 Fricke O, Witzel C, Schickendantz S, Sreeram N, Brockmeier K, Schoenau E: Mechanographic characteristics of adolescents and young adults with congenital heart disease, Eur J Pediatr. 2007 May 22, PMID   17516086
  4. ↑ Rendenbach C, Kohlmeier C, Suling A, Assaf AT, Catala-Lehnen P, Amling M, Heiland M, Riecke B: Prospective biomechanical analysis of donor-site morbidity after fibula free flap., J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 44(2)::155-9, 2016; PMID   26697726
  5. ↑ Veilleux LN, Robert M, Ballaz L, Lemay M, Rauch F: Gait analysis using a force-measuring gangway: Intrasession repeatability in healthy adults, J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact., 11(1):27-33, 2011; PMID   21364272
  6. ↑ Veilleux LN, Cheung M, Ben Amor M, Rauch F: Abnormalities in Muscle Density and Muscle Function in Hypophosphatemic Rickets., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, ():, 2012; PMID   22639288
  7. ↑ Saxer S, Speich R, Toigo M, Mueller SM, Ulrich Somaini S: Reliability of parameters during stair ascent measured with Leonardo Mechanograph((R)) Stair A in healthy subjects., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 15(3):257-63, 2015; PMID   26350944
  8. 1 2 Lang I, Busche P, Rakhimi N, Rawer R, Martin DD.: Mechanography in childhood: references for grip force, multiple one-leg hopping force and whole body stiffness., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact., 13(2)::227-35., 2013; PMID   23728109
  9. ↑ Stolzenberg N, Belavý DL, Rawer R, Felsenberg D.: Vibration or Balance Training on Neuromuscular Performance in Osteopenic Women., Int J Sports Med., 34(11):956-62, 2013; PMID   23549694
  10. ↑ Matheson LA, Duffy S, Maroof A, Gibbons R, Duffy C, Roth J: Intra- and inter-rater reliability of jumping mechanography muscle function assessments., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 13(4):480-6, 2013; PMID   24292618
  11. ↑ Dietzel R, Gast U, Heine T, Felsenberg D, Armbrecht G: Cross-sectional assessment of neuromuscular function using mechanography in women and men aged 20-85 years., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 13(3):274-81, 2013; PMID   23989252
  12. ↑ Felsenberg D., Runge M.: Osteoporosis in Men, Chapter 52: Exercise programs for Pateints with osteoporosis, Osteoporosis in Men, :635-652, 2010
  13. 1 2 Belavy DL, Armbrecht G, Blenk T, Bock O, Borst H, Kocakaya E, Luhn F, Rantalainen T, Rawer R, Tomasius F, Willnecker J, Felsenberg D: Greater association of peak neuromuscular performance with cortical bone geometry, bone mass and bone strength than bone density: A study in 417 older women., Bone, 83:119-126, 2015; PMID   26541093
  14. 1 2 3 Runge M, Rittweger J, Russo CR, Schiessl H, Felsenberg D: Is muscle power output a key factor in the age-related decline in physical performance? A comparison of muscle cross section, chair-rising test and jumping power, Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2004 Nov;24(6):335-40, PMID   15522042
  15. ↑ Buehring B, Hind J, Fidler E, Krueger D, Binkley N, Robbins J: Tongue strength is associated with jumping mechanography performance and handgrip strength but not with classic functional tests in older adults., J Am Geriatr Soc, 61(3):418-22, 2013; PMID   23379330
  16. ↑ Buehring B, Krueger D, Binkley N: Jumping Mechanography: A Potential Tool for Sarcopenia Evaluation in Older Individuals, J Clin Densitom., 2010; PMID   20554231
  17. 1 2 Buehring B, Valentine S, Woods A, Checovich M, Krueger D, Binkley N: Jumping Mechanography Safely Evaluates Muscle Performance in Older Adults, ASBMR 2008, :, 2008
  18. ↑ Mueller SM, Immoos M, Anliker E, Drobnjak S, Boutellier U, Toigo M: Reduced bone strength and muscle force in women 27 years after anorexia nervosa., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, ():jc20151011, 2015; PMID   26086327
  19. ↑ Buehring B, Krueger D, Fidler E, Gangnon R, Heiderscheit B, Binkley N: Reproducibility of jumping mechanography and traditional measures of physical and muscle function in older adults., Osteoporos Int, 26(2):819-25, 2015; PMID   25488806
  20. ↑ Dionyssiotis Y, Galanos A, Michas G, Trovas G, Lyritis GP: Assessment of musculoskeletal system in women with jumping mechanography, International Journal of Women’s Health, 1:113–118, 2009
  21. 1 2 Mueller SM, Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Toigo M: Physiological alterations after a marathon in the first 90-year-old male finisher: case study., SpringerPlus, 3():608, 2014; PMID   25392780
  22. ↑ Buehring B, Fidler E, Libber J, Krueger D, Binkley N: Muscle Function, but Not Muscle Mass, is Related to Balance Confidence in Older Adults, ISCD, :, 2012
  23. ↑ Dietzel R, Felsenberg D, Armbrecht G: Mechanography performance tests and their association with sarcopenia, falls and impairment in the activities of daily living - a pilot cross-sectional study in 293 older adults., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 15(3):249-56, 2015; PMID   26350943
  24. ↑ Gast U, Belavy DL, Armbrecht G, Kusy K, Lexy H, Rawer R, Rittweger J, Winwood K, Zielinski J, Felsenberg D: Bone density and neuromuscular function in older competitive athletes depend on running distance., Osteoporos Int, 24(7):2033-42, 2013; PMID   23242430
  25. ↑ Fricke O, Stabrey A, Tutlewski B, Schoenau E: Mechanographic analyses in pediatrics: allometric scaling of 'peak jump force' and its relationship to 'maximal isometric grip force' in childhood and adolescence, Klin Padiatr., 221(7):436-9, 2009; PMID   20013567
  26. ↑ Richter A, Lang D, Strutzenberger G, Schwameder H: EFFECT OF SPORT ACTIVITY ON COUNTER MOVEMENT JUMP PARAMETERS IN JUVENILE STUDENTS, ISBS, Conference Proceedings Archive, 27 International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports (2009), :, 2009
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  28. 1 2 Binkley TL, Specker BL: Muscle-bone relationships in the lower leg of healthy pre-pubertal females and males, J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact., 8(3):239-43, 2008; PMID   18799856
  29. ↑ Hockett CW, Eelloo J, Huson SM, Roberts SA, Berry JL, Chaloner C, Rawer R, Mughal MZ.: Vitamin D status and muscle function in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact., 13(1):111-119, 2013; PMID   23445921
  30. ↑ Pouliot-Laforte A, Veilleux LN, Rauch F, Lemay M: Validity of an accelerometer as a vertical ground reaction force measuring device in healthy children and adolescents and in children and adolescents with osteogenesis imperfecta type I., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 14(2):155-61, 2014; PMID   24879019
  31. 1 2 Fricke O, Weidler J, Tutlewski B, Schoenau E: Mechanography - a new device for the assessment of muscle function in pediatrics, Pediatr Res. 2006 Jan;59(1):46-9. Epub 2005 Dec 2, PMID   16327004
  32. ↑ Veilleux LN, Rauch F, Lemay M, Ballaz L: Agreement between vertical ground reaction force and ground reaction force vector in five common clinical tests., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 12(4):219-23, 2012; PMID   23196264
  33. ↑ Veilleux LN, Rauch F: Reproducibility of jumping mechanography in healthy children and adults, J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact., 10(4):256-66, 2010; PMID   21116062
  34. ↑ Busche P, Rawer R, Rakhimi N, Lang I, Martin DD.: Mechanography in childhood: references for force and power in counter movement jumps and chair rising tests., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact., 13(2)::213-26., 2013; PMID   23728108
  35. ↑ Sumnik Z, Matyskova J, Hlavka Z, Durdilova L, Soucek O, Zemkova D: Reference data for jumping mechanography in healthy children and adolescents aged 6-18 years., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 13(3):259-73, 2013; PMID   23989251
  36. ↑ Edouard T, Deal C, Van Vliet G, Gaulin N, Moreau A, Rauch F, Alos N: Muscle-Bone Characteristics in Children with Prader–Willi syndrome., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, ():, 2011; PMID   22162467
  37. ↑ Vandewalle S, Taes Y, Van Helvoirt M, Debode P, Herregods N, Ernst C, Roef G, Van Caenegem E, Roggen I, Verhelle F, Kaufman JM, De Schepper J.: Bone Size and Bone Strength Are Increased in Obese Male Adolescents., J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 98(7):3019-28, 2013; PMID   23666962
  38. 1 2 Rauch R, Veilleux LN, Rauch F, Bock D, Welisch E, Filler G, Robinson T, Burrill E, Norozi K: Muscle force and power in obese and overweight children., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 12(2):80-3, 2012; PMID   22647281
  39. ↑ Veilleux LN, Lemay M, Pouliot-Laforte A, Cheung MS, Glorieux FH, Rauch F: Muscle anatomy and dynamic muscle function in osteogenesis imperfecta type I., J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 99(2):E356-62, 2014; PMID   24248189
  40. ↑ Pouliot-Laforte A, Veilleux LN, Rauch F, Lemay M: Physical activity in youth with osteogenesis imperfecta type I., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 15(2):171-6, 2015; PMID   26032209
  41. ↑ Plante L, Veilleux LN, Glorieux FH, Weiler H, Rauch F: Effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on bone density in youth with osteogenesis imperfecta: A randomized controlled trial., Bone, 86():36-42, 2016; PMID   26924265
  42. ↑ Veilleux LN, Pouliot-Laforte A, Lemay M, Cheung MS, Glorieux FH, Rauch F: The functional muscle-bone unit in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta type I., Bone, 79():52-57, 2015; PMID   26004918
  43. ↑ Gusso S, Munns CF, Colle P, Derraik JG, Biggs JB, Cutfield WS, Hofman PL: Effects of whole-body vibration training on physical function, bone and muscle mass in adolescents and young adults with cerebral palsy., Sci Rep, 3;6:22518, 2016; PMID   26936535
  44. ↑ Robbins AS, Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR, Schulman BL, Osterweil D, Fine G: Predictors of falls among elderly people. Results of two population-based studies, Arch Intern Med. 1989 Jul;149(7):1628-33, PMID   2742437
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  46. ↑ Rittweger J, Schiessl H, Felsenberg D, Runge M: Reproducibility of the jumping mechanography as a test of mechanical power output in physically competent adult and elderly subjects, J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004 Jan;52(1):128-31, PMID   14687327
  47. ↑ Tsubaki A, Kubo M, Kobayashi R, Jigami H, Takahashi HE: Normative values for maximum power during motor function assessment of jumping among physically active Japanese, J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact., 9(4):263-7, 2009; PMID   19949284
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  60. ↑ Anliker E, Dick C, Rawer R, Toigo M: Effects of jumping exercise on maximum ground reaction force and bone in 8- to 12-year-old boys and girls: a 9-month randomized controlled trial., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 12(2):56-67, 2012; PMID   22647278
  61. ↑ Anliker E, Toigo M: Functional assessment of the muscle-bone unit in the lower leg., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 12(2):46-55, 2012; PMID   22647277
  62. ↑ Anliker E, Rawer R, Boutellier U, Toigo M: Maximum Ground Reaction Force in Relation to Tibial Bone Mass in Children and Adults., Med Sci Sports Exerc, (43):2102-9, 2011; PMID   21502901
  63. ↑ Verroken C, Zmierczak HG, Goemaere S, Kaufman JM, Lapauw B: Association of Jumping Mechanography-Derived Indices of Muscle Function with Tibial Cortical Bone Geometry., Calcif Tissue Int, 98():446–455, 2016; PMID   26671019
  64. ↑ Siglinsky E, Krueger D, Ward RE, Caserotti P, Strotmeyer ES, Harris TB, Binkley N, Buehring B: Effect of age and sex on jumping mechanography and other measures of muscle mass and function., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 15(4):301-8, 2015; PMID   26636275
  65. ↑ Soucek O, Matyskova J, Anliker E, Toigo M, Hlavka Z, Lebl J, Sumnik Z: The muscle-bone interaction in Turner syndrome., Bone, 74C():160-165, 2015; PMID   25659206
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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael F. Holick</span> American physician-scientist

Michael F. Holick is an American adult endocrinologist, specializing in vitamin D, such as the identification of both calcidiol, the major circulating form of vitamin D, and calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D. His work has been the basis for diagnostic tests and therapies for vitamin D-related diseases. He is a professor of medicine at the Boston University Medical Center and editor-in-chief of the journal Clinical Laboratory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bruck syndrome</span> Medical condition

Bruck syndrome is characterized as the combination of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and osteogenesis imperfecta. Both diseases are uncommon, but concurrence is extremely rare which makes Bruck syndrome very difficult to research. Bruck syndrome is thought to be an atypical variant of osteogenesis imperfecta most resembling type III, if not its own disease. Multiple gene mutations associated with osteogenesis imperfecta are not seen in Bruck syndrome. Many affected individuals are within the same family, and pedigree data supports that the disease is acquired through autosomal recessive inheritance. Bruck syndrome has features of congenital contractures, bone fragility, recurring bone fractures, flexion joint and limb deformities, pterygia, short body height, and progressive kyphoscoliosis. Individuals encounter restricted mobility and pulmonary function. A reduction in bone mineral content and larger hydroxyapatite crystals are also detectable Joint contractures are primarily bilateral and symmetrical, and most prone to ankles. Bruck syndrome has no effect on intelligence, vision, or hearing.

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