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The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allāh). It is organized in 114 chapters which consist of individual verses. Besides its religious significance, it is widely regarded as the finest work in Arabic literature, and has significantly influenced the Arabic language. It is the object of a modern field of academic research known as Quranic studies.
The Qur'an has been translated into most major African, Asian and European languages from Arabic. One of the biggest difficulties in understanding the Quran for those who do not know its language may be shifts in linguistic usage over the centuries. Studies involving understanding, interpreting and translating the Quran can contain individual tendencies, reflections and even distortions caused by the region, sect, education, religious ideology and knowledge of the people who made them. These distortions can manifest themselves in many areas of belief and practices.
Occasions or circumstances of revelation, in Arabic( أسباب النزول -asbābal-nuzūl,) names the historical context in which Quranic verses were revealed from the perspective of traditional Islam. Though of some use in reconstructing the Qur'an's historicity, asbāb is by nature an exegetical rather than a historiographical genre, and as such usually associates the verses it explicates with general situations rather than specific events. The study of asbāb al-nuzūl is part of the study of Tafsir.
Esoteric interpretation of the Quran is the allegorical interpretation of the Quran or the quest for its hidden, inner meanings. The Arabic word taʾwīl was synonymous with conventional interpretation in its earliest use, but it came to mean a process of discerning its most fundamental understandings. "Esoteric" interpretations do not usually contradict the conventional interpretations; instead, they discuss the inner levels of meaning of the Quran.
Hamiduddin Farahi was an Indian Islamic scholar known for his work on the concept of nazm, or coherence, in the Quran. The modernist Farahi school is named after him.
Tāj al-Dīn Abū al-Fath Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Karīm ash-Shahrastānī, also known as Muhammad al-Shahrastānī, was an influential Persian historian of religions, a historiographer, Islamic scholar, philosopher and theologian. His book, Kitab al–Milal wa al-Nihal was one of the pioneers in developing an objective and philosophical approach to the study of religions.
The Sanaa palimpsest or Sanaa Quran is one of the oldest Quranic manuscripts in existence. Part of a sizable cache of Quranic and non-Quranic fragments discovered in Yemen during a 1972 restoration of the Great Mosque of Sanaa, the manuscript was identified as a palimpsest Quran in 1981 as it is written on parchment and comprises two layers of text.
The Birmingham Quran manuscript comprises two leaves of parchment from an early Quranic manuscript or muṣḥaf. In 2015, the manuscript, which is held by the University of Birmingham, was radiocarbon dated to between 568 and 645 CE. It is part of the Mingana Collection of Middle Eastern manuscripts, held by the university's Cadbury Research Library.
In Muslim tradition the Quran is the final revelation from God, Islam's divine text, delivered to the Islamic prophet Muhammad through the angel Jibril (Gabriel). Muhammad's revelations were said to have been recorded orally and in writing, through Muhammad and his followers up until his death in 632 CE. These revelations were then compiled by first caliph Abu Bakr and codified during the reign of the third caliph Uthman so that the standard codex edition of the Quran or Muṣḥaf was completed around 650 CE, according to Muslim scholars. This has been critiqued by some western scholarship, suggesting the Quran was canonized at a later date, based on the dating of classical Islamic narratives, i.e. hadiths, which were written 150–200 years after the death of Muhammad, and partly because of the textual variations present in the Sana'a manuscript. Muslim scholars who oppose the views of the Western revisionist theories regarding the historical origins of the Quran have described their theses as "untenable".
Quranic studies is the academic application of a diverse set of disciplines to study the Quran, drawing on methods including but not limited to ancient history, philology, textual criticism, lexicography, codicology, literary criticism, comparative religion, and historical criticism.
Gabriel Said Reynolds is an American academic and historian of religion, who serves as Jerome J. Crowley and Rosaleen G. Crowley Professor of Theology and assistant professor of Islamic Studies and Theology at the University of Notre Dame. His scholarship focuses on World Religions and World Church, History of Christianity, Qur'anic Studies, Origins of Islam, and Muslim-Christian relations.
Todd Lawson is an Emeritus Professor of Islamic thought at the University of Toronto.
The Quran of Historians is a work of research and historical synthesis on Islam, specifically focusing on the Quran. It was published in three volumes in 2019 by éditions du Cerf after five years of work. The book was described as a "summa" of current knowledge on the history of Islam by several researchers. It is the first commentary on the entire Quran published in the field of Quranic studies in French.
Quranic cosmology is the understanding of the universe and its creation as described in the Quran. Quranic cosmology can be divided into the Quran's description of the physical landscape (cosmography) of the cosmos, including its structures and features, as well as its creation myth describing how the cosmos originated (cosmogony). The Quran's cosmology is theological, and is often related back to notions of the vastness and orderliness of the cosmos, as well as concepts of purpose, divine will, and the emphasis on the structuring of the world for the existence of human beings.
Nicolai Sinai is a German scholar of Qur'anic studies and professor of Islamic studies at the University of Oxford.
Quranic counter-discourse, also known as Counter Direct Reported Discourse (CDRD) or "polemical rhetoric," is a rhetorical technique used in the Quran. It involves quoting or referencing the views of various opponents to argue for a different perspective or to counter those opposing viewpoints.
The self-referential discourse of the Quran is the set of rhetorical forms in which the Qur'an cites itself to varying degrees. These argumentative strategies aim to ensure its authority and support its divine origin.
Michel Cuypers is a Belgian scholar of Qurānic studies, a friar, and a member of the Fraternity of the Little Brothers of Jesus. He is a research fellow at the Dominican Institute for Oriental Studies in Cairo.
Amin al-Khuli was an Egyptian academic, Quran scholar and writer.
Michael E. Pregill is a scholar of late antiquity, comparative religion and Quranic studies. He is Interlocutor in the Institute for the Study of Muslim Societies and Civilizations at Boston University.
References
- ↑ Center, Berkley; Affairs, World. "Mehdi Azaiez". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
- 1 2 "Mehdi Azaiez". Faculteit Theologie en Religiewetenschappen KU Leuven. 2017-12-19. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
- ↑ "Mehdi Azaiez". Pluriel. 2022-09-21. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
- ↑ Reviews of Le contre-discours coranique:
- Bouali, Hassan (2021-05-01). "Mehdi Azaiez, Le contre-discours coranique". Bulletin critique des Annales islamologiques (35). doi:10.4000/bcai.316. ISSN 0259-7373.
- Pisani, Emmanuel (2017-05-15). "Azaiez, Mehdi, Le contre-discours coranique". MIDÉO. Mélanges de l'Institut dominicain d'études orientales (32). Institut Dominicain d'Études Orientales: 315–318. ISSN 0575-1330 . Retrieved 2024-09-24.
- Dean, Jason Richard (2019-12-09). "Mehdi Azaiez, Le contre-discours coranique, (Studies in the History and Culture of the Middle East 30), Berlin – Boston, Walter de Gruyter, 2015". Revue d'Histoire et de Philosophie religieuses (in French). 96 (4). Persée - Portail des revues scientifiques en SHS: 494–494. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
- ↑ Reviews of Le Coran : nouvelles approches:
- Terrier, Mathieu (2016-09-01). "Le Coran, nouvelles approches, sous la direction de Mehdi Azaiez, avec la collaboration de Sabrina Mervin: Paris, CNRS Éditions, 2013". Revue de l'histoire des religions (233): 431–434. doi:10.4000/rhr.8596. ISSN 0035-1423.
- Denkha, Ataa (2014-12-15). "Le Coran. Nouvelles approches: Sous la direction de Mehdi Azaiez, en collaboration avec Sabrina Mervin, Paris, CNRS Éditions, 2013, 350 p.". Revue des sciences religieuses (88/4): 557. doi:10.4000/rsr.9019. ISSN 0035-2217.
- ↑ Reviews of Qurʾānic Studies: Between History, Theology and Exegesis:
- Belhaj, Abdessamad (2024-03-20). "Qurʾānic Studies between History, Theology and Exegesis Qurʾānic Studies between History, Theology and Exegesis, edited by Mehdi Azaiez and Mokdad Arfa-Mensia". Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations: 1–3. doi:10.1080/09596410.2024.2330220. ISSN 0959-6410.