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Acarnania is a region of west-central Greece that lies along the Ionian Sea, west of Aetolia, with the Achelous River for a boundary, and north of the gulf of Calydon, which is the entrance to the Gulf of Corinth. Today it forms the western part of the regional unit of Aetolia-Acarnania. The capital and principal city in ancient times was Stratos. The north side of Acarnania of the Corinthian Gulf was considered part of the region of Epirus.
Agrinium or Agrinion was a town of ancient Aetolia, situated towards the northwest of Aetolia, near the Achelous River. Its name suggested that it was a town of the Agraei; but the narrative in Polybius would imply that it was not so far north. In 314 BCE, Agrinium was allied with the Acarnanians when Cassander marched to the assistance of the latter against the Aetolians. As soon as Cassander returned to Macedonia, Agrinium was besieged by the Aetolians and surrendered. Many of the inhabitants of Agrinium were executed by the Aetolians.
Mokissos or Mokisos or Mokison (Μωκισόν) was a town of ancient Cappadocia. The Romans called the city Mocisus or Mocissus, and Mocisum, and after the city was rebuilt by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian (527-565), it was renamed Justinianopolis (Ἰουστινιανούπολις). Justinian made Mocisus the capital of the province of Cappadocia Tertia, and elevated its bishopric to the rank of ecclesiastical metropolis, with an eparchia that stretched south of the Halys River, the longest river of Asia Minor. The name Justinianopolis was retained until the end of Byzantine rule. Stephanus of Byzantium calls the town Moukissos (Μούκισσος). In the Synecdemus, the name appears as Rhegemoukisos (Ῥεγεμουκισός) and Rhegekoukisos (Ῥεγεκουκισός), the latter evidently an error.
Oeniadae or Oiniadai, or Oeneiadae or Oineiadai (Οἰνειάδαι), was a town in ancient Acarnania, situated on the west bank of the Achelous River, about 10 miles (16 km) from its mouth. It was one of the most important of the Acarnanian towns, being strongly fortified both by nature and by art, and commanding the whole of the south of Acarnania. It was surrounded by marshes, many of them of great extent and depth, which rendered it quite inaccessible in the winter to an invading force. Its territory appears to have extended on both sides of the Achelous, and to have consisted of the district called Paracheloitis, which was very fertile. It seems to have derived its name from the mythical Oeneus, the great Aetolian hero.
Olpae or Olpai was a town of ancient Amphilochia, where the Battle of Olpae was fought between the Spartans and the Athenians in 426 BC during the Peloponnesian War. Olpae sat upon a fortified hill, in the territory of Amphilochian Argos, 25 stadia from Argos itself. Eurylochus, the Spartan commander, marched from Aetolia, with 3000 hoplites into the territory of Amphilochian Argos, and captured Olpae.
Anactorium or Anaktorion was a town in ancient Acarnania, situated on the promontory on the Ambraciot Gulf. On entering the Ambraciot Gulf from the Ionian Sea it was the first town in Acarnania after Actium, from which it was distant 40 stadia, and which was in the territory of Anactorium. This town was for some time one of the most important places in this part of Greece. It was colonized jointly by the Corinthians and Corcyraeans; but in the war between these peoples, in 432 BCE, the Corinthians obtained sole possession of the place by fraud. It remained in the hands of the Corinthians till 425 BCE, when it was taken by the Acarnanians with the assistance of the Athenians, and the Corinthian settlers were expelled. Augustus removed its inhabitants to the town of Nicopolis, which he founded on the opposite coast of Epirus, and Strabo describes it as an emporium of the latter city.
Coronta, a small town in the interior of Acarnania, probably lying between Metropolis and Old Oenia. It is cited by Thucydides in the context of the Peloponnesian War where it is said that, after the Battle of Naupactus in 429 BCE, the Athenians made an expedition through Acarnania in which they restored the leader of Corontas, and expelled from the city some inhabitants who were contrary to their interests.
Phytia, or Phoeteiae or Phoiteiai (Φοιτεῖαι), or Phoetiae or Phoitiai (Φοιτίαι), was a town in the interior of ancient Acarnania, situated on a height west of Stratus, and strongly fortified. It lay on the road from Stratus to Medeon and Limnaea. After the time of Alexander the Great it fell into the hands of the Aetolians, together with the other towns in the west of Acarnania. It was taken by Philip V of Macedon in his expedition against Aetolia in 219 BCE; but the Aetolians, doubtless, obtained possession of it again, either before or after the conquest of Philip by the Romans. It is mentioned as one of the towns of Acarnania in a Greek inscription found at the site of Actium, the date of which is probably prior to the time of Augustus. In this inscription the ethnic form Φοιτιάν occurs.
Thyrium or Thyrion, or Thyreum or Thyreon (Θύρεον), or Thurium or Thourion (Θούριον), or Thyrreium or Thyrreion (Θύρρειον), was a city in ancient Acarnania. Cicero tells us that in sailing from Alyzia to Leucas, he touched at Thyrium, where he remained two hours; and from this statement, as well as from the history of the events in which Thyrium is mentioned, we may infer that it was situated on or near the Ionian Sea, and that it was the first town on the coast south of the channel which separated Leucas from the mainland.
Amphilochian Argos was the chief town of ancient Amphilochia, situated at the eastern extremity of the Ambraciot Gulf, on the river Inachus. Its territory was called Argeia (Ἀργεία).
Limnaea or Limnaia was a city in ancient Acarnania at the southeast corner of the Ambraciot Gulf, on the very frontier of Acarnania towards Aetolia. It site is near the modern town of Amphilochia. Thucydides said that Limnaea lay on the road from Ambracia and Argos Amphilochicum to Stratos. Philip III of Macedon disembarked at Limnaea, when about to invade Aetolia.
Metropolis was a town and polis (city-state) of Histiaeotis in ancient Thessaly, described by Stephanus of Byzantium as a town in Upper Thessaly. Strabo says that Metropolis was founded by three insignificant towns, but that a larger number was afterwards added, among which was Ithome. He further says, that Ithome was within a quadrangle, formed by the four cities Tricca, Metropolis, Pelinnaeum, and Gomphi. The position of Metropolis is also determined by its being on Caesar's march from Gomphi to Pharsalus.
Metropolis was an ancient town in the southern part of Phrygia, belonging to the conventus of Apamea. That this town is different from the more northerly town of the same name in northern Phrygia, is quite evident, even without knowing that Stephanus of Byzantium mentions two towns named Metropolis in Phrygia, and that Hierocles. and the Notitiae speak of a town of this name in two different provinces of Phrygia. In Roman times, it was assigned to the province of Pisidia, where it became a bishopric. No longer a residential see, it remains, under the name Metropolis in Pisidia, a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.
Medeon or Medion (Μεδίων) was a town in the interior of ancient Acarnania, on the road from Stratus and Phytia to Limnaea on the Ambraciot Gulf. Thucydides mentions that it was crossed by the Spartan army during the Peloponnesian War as a place that crossed the Spartan army, under the command of Eurylochus, between Phytia and Limnaea, on its march to Battle of Olpae in 426 BCE. It was one of the few towns in the interior of the country which maintained its independence against the Aetolians after the death of Alexander the Great. At length, in 231 BCE, the Aetolians laid siege to Medeon with a large force, and had reduced it to great distress, when they were attacked by a body of Illyrian mercenaries, who had been sent by sea by Demetrius, king of Macedonia, in order to relieve the place. The Aetolians were defeated, and obliged to retreat with the loss of their camp, arms, and baggage. Medeon is again mentioned in 191 BCE, as one of the Acarnanian towns, of which Antiochus, king of Syria, obtained possession in that year.
Eupalium or Eupalion, or Eupolium or Eupolion (Εὐπόλιον), or Euplaia (Εὐπαλία) was one of the chief towns of Ozolian Locris, situated near the sea, and between Naupactus and Oeantheia. It was the place chosen by Demosthenes for the deposit of his plunder, in 426 BCE; and it was shortly afterwards taken by Eurylochus, the Spartan commander, along with Oeneon. After the time of Alexander the Great, Eupalium fell into the hands of the Aetolians; and Philip V of Macedon, when he made a descent upon the Aetolian coast in 207 BCE, landed at Erythrae, which is described by Livy as near Eupalium. This Erythrae was probably the port of Eupalium.
Drymus or Drymos was a town in ancient Acarnania.
Astacus or Astakos was a town on the west coast of ancient Acarnania, on a bay, one side of which is formed by the promontory anciently named Crithote. Astacus is said to have been a colony of Cephallenia. At the commencement of the Peloponnesian War, it was governed by a tyrant, named Evarchus, who was deposed by the Athenians in 431 BCE, but was shortly afterwards restored by the Corinthians. It is mentioned as one of the towns of Acarnania in a Greek inscription, the date of which is subsequent to 219 BCE.
Nesus or Nasus or Nesos or Nasos was a town in ancient Acarnania.
Crenae or Krenai was a town in ancient Acarnania, where the Acarnanians on their march to protect of Amphilochian Argos took up position prior to the Battle of Olpae; Eurylochus, with the Peloponnesian forces, had marched through Acarnania, and had succeeded in joining the Ambraciots at Olpae, passing unperceived between Argos and the Acarnanian force at Crenae.
Thesteia or Thestia was a town in ancient Aetolia. The name occurs only in Polybius, from whose narrative we learn that it was situated in the northern part of the upper plain of Aetolia. The name is perhaps connected with Thestius, one of the old Aetolian heroes.
References
- ↑ Steph. B., Ethnika, s.v.
- ↑ Polybius 4.64.
- ↑ August Böckh, Corpus Inscript., No. 1793
- ↑ Richard Talbert, ed. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World . Princeton University Press. p. 54, and directory notes accompanying. ISBN 978-0-691-03169-9.
- ↑ Lund University. Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Metropolis". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . London: John Murray.
38°35′28″N21°13′48″E / 38.591°N 21.2301°E
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