Ahmad Shah Massoud was an Afghan politician and military commander. He was a powerful guerrilla commander during the resistance against the Soviet occupation between 1979 and 1989. In the 1990s,he led the government's military wing against rival militias;after the Taliban takeover,he was the leading opposition commander against their regime until his assassination in 2001.
Burhānuddīn Rabbānī was an Afghan politician and teacher who served as President of Afghanistan from 1992 to 1996,and again from November to December 2001.
The history of Afghanistan,preceding the establishment of the Emirate of Afghanistan in 1823 is shared with that of neighbouring Iran,central Asia and Indian subcontinent. The Sadozai monarchy ruled the Afghan Durrani Empire,considered the founding state of modern Afghanistan.
The Taliban,which also refers to itself by its state name,the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,is a Deobandi Islamic fundamentalist and Pashtun nationalist militant political movement in Afghanistan. It ruled approximately three-quarters of the country from 1996 to 2001,before being overthrown following the American invasion. It recaptured Kabul on 15 August 2021 following the departure of most coalition forces,after nearly 20 years of insurgency,and currently controls all of the country. However,its government is not recognized by any country. The Taliban government has been criticized for restricting human rights in Afghanistan,including the right of women and girls to work and to have an education.
The Hindu Kush is an 800-kilometre-long (500 mi) mountain range in Central and South Asia to the west of the Himalayas. It stretches from central and eastern Afghanistan into northwestern Pakistan and far southeastern Tajikistan. The range forms the western section of the Hindu Kush Himalayan Region (HKH);to the north,near its northeastern end,the Hindu Kush buttresses the Pamir Mountains near the point where the borders of China,Pakistan and Afghanistan meet,after which it runs southwest through Pakistan and into Afghanistan near their border.
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar is an Afghan politician,former mujahideen leader and drug trafficker. He is the founder and current leader of the Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin political party,so called after Mohammad Yunus Khalis split from Hezbi Islami in 1979 to found Hezb-i Islami Khalis. He has twice served as Prime Minister during the 1990s.
Nuristan,also spelled as Nurestan or Nooristan,is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan,located in the eastern part of the country. It is divided into seven districts and is Afghanistan's least populous province,with a population of around 167,000. Parun serves as the provincial capital. Nuristan is bordered on the south by Laghman and Kunar provinces,on the north by Badakhshan province,on the west by Panjshir province.
The culture of Afghanistan has persisted for over three millennia,tracing record to at least the time of the Achaemenid Empire in 500 BCE,and encompasses the cultural diversity of the nation. Afghanistan's culture is historically strongly connected to nearby Persia,including the same religion,as the people of both countries have lived together for thousands of years. Its location at the crossroads of Central,South and Western Asia historically made it a hub of diversity,dubbed by one historian as the "roundabout of the ancient world".
The Northern Alliance,officially known as the United Islamic National Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan,was a military alliance of groups that operated between late 1996 to 2001 after the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Taliban) took over Kabul. The United Front was originally assembled by key leaders of the Islamic State of Afghanistan,particularly president Burhanuddin Rabbani and former Defense Minister Ahmad Shah Massoud. Initially it included mostly Tajiks but by 2000,leaders of other ethnic groups had joined the Northern Alliance. This included Karim Khalili,Abdul Rashid Dostum,Abdullah Abdullah,Mohammad Mohaqiq,Abdul Qadir,Asif Mohseni,Amrullah Saleh and others.
Clifford Edmund Bosworth FBA was an English historian and Orientalist,specialising in Arabic and Iranian studies.
Professor Abdul Ghafoor Ravan Farhâdi is an Afghan academic and diplomat who served as Afghanistan's Ambassador to the United Nations from 1993 to 2006.
The 1989–1992 Afghan Civil War took place between the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and the end of the Soviet–Afghan War on 15 February 1989 until 27 April 1992,ending the day after the proclamation of the Peshawar Accords proclaiming a new interim Afghan government which was supposed to start serving on 28 April 1992.
The 1992–1996 Afghan Civil War took place between 28 April 1992—the date a new interim Afghan government was supposed to replace the Republic of Afghanistan of President Mohammad Najibullah—and the Taliban's conquest of Kabul establishing the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on 27 September 1996.
The 1996–2001 Afghan Civil War took place between the Taliban's conquest of Kabul and their establishing of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on 27 September 1996,and the US and UK invasion of Afghanistan on 7 October 2001:a period that was part of the Afghan Civil War that had started in 1989,and also part of the war in Afghanistan that had started in 1978.
The Battle of Kabul was a series of intermittent battles and sieges over the city of Kabul during the period of 1992–1996.
Baba Jan zahid,is a former senior security official of the Afghanistan government. He was a general of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan,but after the Soviet invasion he joined Ahmad Shah Masoud's forces and fought against the Soviet invasion. After the retreat of the Russian forces,he continued the war against Dr. Najibullah's government. Following the collapse of Najib's government,he entered Kabul with Ahmad Shah Masoud's forces and served in various departments of the Islamic State of Afghanistan under the leadership of Ustad Burhanuddin Rabbani.
The Shura-e Nazar was created by Ahmad Shah Massoud in 1984 at the northern provinces of Takhar,Badakhshan,Balkh and Kunduz,during the Soviet-Afghan War. It comprised and united about 130 resistance commanders from 12 northern,eastern and central regions of Afghanistan. Though operating autonomously,Shura-e Nazar was technically an offshoot of Rabbani's Jamiat-e Islami and hence operated within the framework of the Peshawar Seven against the Soviet-supported Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
The Afghan conflict,also called the Afghan crisis or Instability in Afghanistan,is a series of events and wars that have kept Afghanistan in a near-continuous state of armed conflict since the 1970s. The country's instability began after the collapse of the Kingdom of Afghanistan in the 1973 coup d'état;with the overthrow of Afghan monarch Mohammad Zahir Shah,who had reigned for almost forty years,Afghanistan’s relatively peaceful period in modern history came to an end. The triggering event for the first major war in Afghanistan during this period was the Saur Revolution of 1978,which overthrew the Republic of Afghanistan and established the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Rampant post-revolution fighting across the country ultimately led to a pro-government military intervention by the Soviet Union,sparking the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s.
The following is an outline of the series of events that led up the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021).
The 1975 Panjshir Valley uprising was an Islamist uprising led by Jamiat-e Islami against the government of Daoud Khan,and was the first ever ISI operation that took place in Afghanistan. It was in "retaliation to Republic of Afghanistan’s proxy war and support to the militants against Pakistan".
