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In physical geography, tundra is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons. The term is a Russian word adapted from Sámi languages. There are three regions and associated types of tundra: Arctic tundra, alpine tundra, and Antarctic tundra.
A subglacial lake is a lake that is found under a glacier, typically beneath an ice cap or ice sheet. Subglacial lakes form at the boundary between ice and the underlying bedrock, where gravitational pressure decreases the pressure melting point of ice. Over time, the overlying ice gradually melts at a rate of a few millimeters per year. Meltwater flows from regions of high to low hydraulic pressure under the ice and pools, creating a body of liquid water that can be isolated from the external environment for millions of years.
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F. Stuart Chapin III is a professor of Ecology at the Department of Biology and Wildlife of the Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska. He was President of the Ecological Society of America (ESA) from August 2010 until 2011.
Arctic ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors in the arctic, the region north of the Arctic Circle. This region is characterized by two biomes: taiga and tundra. While the taiga has a more moderate climate and permits a diversity of both non-vascular and vascular plants, the tundra has a limited growing season and stressful growing conditions due to intense cold, low precipitation, and a lack of sunlight throughout the winter. Sensitive ecosystems exist throughout the Arctic region, which are being impacted dramatically by global warming.
Major environmental issues caused by contemporary climate change in the Arctic region range from the well-known, such as the loss of sea ice or melting of the Greenland ice sheet, to more obscure, but deeply significant issues, such as permafrost thaw, as well as related social consequences for locals and the geopolitical ramifications of these changes. The Arctic is likely to be especially affected by climate change because of the high projected rate of regional warming and associated impacts. Temperature projections for the Arctic region were assessed in 2007: These suggested already averaged warming of about 2 °C to 9 °C by the year 2100. The range reflects different projections made by different climate models, run with different forcing scenarios. Radiative forcing is a measure of the effect of natural and human activities on the climate. Different forcing scenarios reflect things such as different projections of future human greenhouse gas emissions.
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Sergey Aphanasievich Zimov is a Russian geophysicist who specialises in arctic and subarctic ecology. He is the Director of Northeast Scientific Station, a senior research fellow of the Pacific Institute for Geography, and one of the founders of Pleistocene Park. He is best known for his work in advocating the theory that human overhunting of large herbivores during the Pleistocene caused Siberia's grassland-steppe ecosystem to disappear and for raising awareness as to the important roles permafrost and thermokarst lakes play in the global carbon cycle.
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Changing climate conditions are amplified in polar regions and northern high-latitude areas are projected to warm at twice the rate of the global average. These modifications result in ecosystem interactions and feedbacks that can augment or mitigate climatic changes. These interactions may have been important through the large climate fluctuations since the glacial period. Therefore it is useful to review the past dynamics of vegetation and climate to place recent observed changes in the Arctic into context. This article focuses on northern Alaska where there has been much research on this theme.
Terence Vincent Callaghan is a British biologist specialized in the ecology of the Arctic. Much of his work on arctic plants has taken place in Abisko in northernmost Sweden, based at the Abisko Scientific Research Station where he served as director. He was a lead author of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Reports chapter on polar regions.
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Susan M. Natali is an American ecologist. She is the Arctic program director and senior scientist at the Woodwell Climate Research Center, where her research focuses on the impact of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems, primarily on Arctic permafrost. She is also the project lead for Permafrost Pathways, a new initiative launched in 2022 with funding from TED's Audacious Project. On Monday, April 11, 2022, Dr. Natali gave a TED Talk introducing the Permafrost Pathways project at the TED2022 conference in Vancouver, BC.
Erika S. Zavaleta is an American professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Zavaleta is recognized for her research focusing on topics including plant community ecology, conservation practices for terrestrial ecosystems, and impacts of community dynamics on ecosystem functions.
Sandra Myrna DíazForMemRS is an Argentine ecologist and professor of ecology at the National University of Córdoba, who has been awarded with the Linnean Medal for her scientific work. She studies the functional traits of plants and investigates how plants impact the ecosystem.
Anne E. Giblin is a marine biologist who researches the cycling of elements nitrogen, sulfur, iron and phosphorus. She is a Senior Scientist and Acting Director of the Ecosystem Center at the Marine Biological Lab.
Margaret Torn is an ecologist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory known for her research on carbon cycling, especially with respect to the interactions between soils and the atmosphere.
Merritt Turetsky is an American ecosystem ecologist and a professor at the University of Colorado Boulder. She currently serves as the Director of Arctic Security for the University of Colorado. She served as the first woman Director of the Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) from 2019-2023. Her research considers fire regimes, climate change and biogeochemical cycling in Arctic wetlands. Turetsky is a member of the Permafrost Action Team (SEARCH), a group of scientists who translate and deliver science to decision-makers.
References
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- ↑ "The Evergreen State College Eighteenth Annual Commencement Ceremonoies" (PDF). Evergreen State College. 1989. Retrieved October 9, 2021.
- 1 2 3 4 "Michelle Cailin Mack CV" (PDF). 2017.
- ↑ Mack, Michelle C.; D'Antonio, Caria M. (1998). "Impacts of biological invasions on disturbance regimes". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 13 (5): 195–198. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(97)01286-x. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 21238260.
- ↑ D'Antonio, Carla M.; Hughes, R. Flint; Mack, Michelle; Hitchcock, Derek; Vitousek, Peter M. (1998). "The response of native species to removal of invasive exotic grasses in a seasonally dry Hawaiian woodland". Journal of Vegetation Science. 9 (5): 699–712. doi:10.2307/3237288. ISSN 1654-1103. JSTOR 3237288.
- ↑ Mack, Michelle C.; D'Antonio, Carla M.; Ley, Ruth E. (2001). "Alteration of Ecosystem Nitrogen Dynamics by Exotic Plants: A Case Study of C4 Grasses in Hawaii". Ecological Applications. 11 (5): 1323–1335. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1323:AOENDB]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1939-5582.
- ↑ Mack, Michelle C.; Schuur, Edward A. G.; Bret-Harte, M. Syndonia; Shaver, Gaius R.; Chapin, F. Stuart (2004). "Ecosystem carbon storage in arctic tundra reduced by long-term nutrient fertilization". Nature. 431 (7007): 440–443. doi:10.1038/nature02887. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15386009. S2CID 4338923.
- ↑ Campbell, Barbara J.; Polson, Shawn W.; Hanson, Thomas E.; Mack, Michelle C.; Schuur, Edward A. G. (2010). "The effect of nutrient deposition on bacterial communities in Arctic tundra soil". Environmental Microbiology. 12 (7): 1842–1854. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02189.x. ISSN 1462-2920. PMID 20236166.
- ↑ Johnstone, Jill F.; Hollingsworth, Teresa N.; Chapin, F. Stuart; Mack, Michelle C. (2010). "Changes in fire regime break the legacy lock on successional trajectories in Alaskan boreal forest". Global Change Biology. 16 (4): 1281–1295. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02051.x. ISSN 1365-2486. S2CID 9645666.
- ↑ Mack, Michelle C.; Bret-Harte, M. Syndonia; Hollingsworth, Teresa N.; Jandt, Randi R.; Schuur, Edward A. G.; Shaver, Gaius R.; Verbyla, David L. (2011). "Carbon loss from an unprecedented Arctic tundra wildfire". Nature. 475 (7357): 489–492. doi:10.1038/nature10283. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 21796209. S2CID 4371811.
- ↑ Anthony, K. M. Walter; Zimov, S. A.; Grosse, G.; Jones, M. C.; Anthony, P. M.; Iii, F. S. Chapin; Finlay, J. C.; Mack, M. C.; Davydov, S.; Frenzel, P.; Frolking, S. (2014). "A shift of thermokarst lakes from carbon sources to sinks during the Holocene epoch". Nature. 511 (7510): 452–456. doi:10.1038/nature13560. ISSN 0028-0836. OSTI 1776462. PMID 25043014. S2CID 4455401.
- ↑ Schuur, Edward A.G.; Mack, Michelle C. (2018-11-02). "Ecological Response to Permafrost Thaw and Consequences for Local and Global Ecosystem Services". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 49 (1): 279–301. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032349. ISSN 1543-592X. S2CID 92292300.
- ↑ "2021 Class of AGU Fellows Announced". Eos. 2021-09-28. Retrieved 2021-10-09.
