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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, opposite Estonia. Finland covers a total area of 338,145 square kilometres (130,559 sq mi), including a land area of 303,815 square kilometres (117,304 sq mi), and has a population of 5.6 million. Helsinki is the capital and largest city. The vast majority of the population are ethnic Finns. The official languages are Finnish and Swedish; 84.9 percent of the population speak the first as their mother tongue and 5.1 percent the latter. Finland's climate varies from humid continental in the south to boreal in the north. The land cover is predominantly boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.
The history of Finland begins around 9,000 BC during the end of the last glacial period. Stone Age cultures were Kunda, Comb Ceramic, Corded Ware, Kiukainen, and Pöljä cultures. The Finnish Bronze Age started in approximately 1,500 BC and the Iron Age started in 500 BC and lasted until 1,300 AD. Finnish Iron Age cultures can be separated into Finnish proper, Tavastian and Karelian cultures. The earliest written sources mentioning Finland start to appear from the 12th century onwards when the Catholic Church started to gain a foothold in Southwest Finland.
Year 1202 (MCCII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
Finland Swedish or Fenno-Swedish is a variety of the Swedish language and a closely related group of Swedish dialects spoken in Finland by the Swedish-speaking population, commonly also referred to as Finland Swedes, as their first language.
Österland ('Eastland') was a medieval term used for the southern part of Finland, one of the four traditional lands of Sweden. The term occurs in documents approximately between 1350–1470 and gradually fell out of use by the end of the 15th century. Before this period the term was used in plural, Österlanden ('Easternlands').
Karelian is a Finnic language spoken mainly in the Russian Republic of Karelia. Linguistically, Karelian is closely related to the Finnish dialects spoken in eastern Finland, and some Finnish linguists have even classified Karelian as a dialect of Finnish, though in the modern day it is widely considered a separate language. Karelian is not to be confused with the Southeastern dialects of Finnish, sometimes referred to as karjalaismurteet in Finland. In the Russian 2020–2021 census, around 9,000 people spoke Karelian natively, but around 14,000 said to be able to speak the language. There are around 11,000 speakers of Karelian in Finland. And around 30,000 have at least some knowledge of Karelian in Finland.
Hämeenlinna is a city in Finland and the regional capital of Kanta-Häme. It is located in the southern interior of the country and on the shores of Lake Vanajavesi. The population of Hämeenlinna is approximately 68,000, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 94,000. It is the 15th most populous municipality in Finland, and the 14th most populous urban area in the country.
Korela Fortress is a medieval fortress in the town of Priozersk, Leningrad Oblast, Russia.
The Treaty of Nöteborg, also known as the Treaty of Orehovsk, is a conventional name for the peace treaty signed at Oreshek on 12 August 1323. It was the first agreement between Sweden and the Novgorod Republic regulating their border, mostly in the area which is now known as Finland. Three years later, Novgorod signed the Treaty of Novgorod with the Norwegians.
Asbestos-ceramic is a type of pottery manufactured with asbestos and clay in Finland, Karelia and more widely in Fennoscandia from around 5000 BC. Some remnants of this style of pottery lasted until as late as 200 AD. These ceramics are able to retain heat longer than other pottery.
The Military timeline of Denmark is centered around an involvement in wars in Northern Europe since 793 and, recently, elsewhere.
There are scattered descriptions of early Finnish wars, conflicts involving the Finnish people, some of which took place before the Middle Ages. The earliest historical accounts of conflicts involving Finnish tribes, such as Tavastians, Karelians, Finns proper and Kvens, have survived in Icelandic sagas and in German, Norwegian, Danish and Russian chronicles as well as in Swedish legends and in birch bark manuscripts. The most important sources are the Novgorod First Chronicle, the Primary Chronicle and Erik's Chronicle.
Sastamala is a town in Finland, located in the Pirkanmaa region. Sastamala lies on both sides of River Kokemäenjoki in the southwest corner of Pirkanmaa. The population of Sastamala is approximately 23,000, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 26,000. It is the 44th most populous municipality in Finland.
The angon is a type of javelin that was used during the Early Middle Ages by the Anglo-Saxons, Franks, Goths, and other Germanic peoples. It was similar to, and probably derived from, the pilum used by the Roman army and had a barbed head and long narrow socket or shank made of iron mounted on a wooden haft.
Julius Ailio was a Finnish archaeologist and a Social Democratic politician. His archaeological work involved the Stone Age and Early Metal Age in Karelia, especially the isthmus.
Pauli Pylkkö is a Finnish philosopher. He was a student of Jaakko Hintikka, and later a professor and a researcher in both the United States and Finland. Pylkkö has addressed such topics as logic, semiotics, philosophy of language, and cognitive science. Pylkkö has published several works focused specifically on the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, and his works have examined the often problematic relationships between language and subjectivity, nationalism, the limits of scientific rationality, and the semiotic and linguistic mechanics of fascism. His work has also aroused interest in theological research.
In Swedish and Finnish history, Finland under Swedish rule is the historical period when the bulk of the area that later came to constitute Finland was an integral part of Sweden. The starting point of Swedish rule is uncertain and controversial. Historical evidence of the establishment of Swedish rule in Finland exists from the middle of the 13th century onwards.
The Swedish colonisation of Finland took place during the Northern Crusades from the 12th century until the 1350s. Sweden's colonisation efforts focused on the Finnish archipelago and some of its coastal regions and brought Swedish-speakers to Finland. The settlers were from central Sweden. It has been estimated that there were thousands of settlers.
Ancient kings of Finland are kings of Finland mentioned in early historical sources. The word kuningas is an old Finnic word deriving from the ancient Germanic word kuningaz. In the time the sources were written, "Finland" mainly referred to the Finland Proper area, and depending on the source, the "kings of Finland" could also refer to kings of the Sami people.
The Finnish Antiquarian Society is a scholarly society for the purpose of promoting archaeological, ethnological, art-historical and cultural-historical research concerning Finland and other Finno-Ugrian regions and peoples.
References
- 1 2 3 "Mika Lavento - 375 Humanistia". 375humanistia.helsinki.fi (in Finnish). 2015-12-28. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
- 1 2 3 4 Suhonen, Mervi (2022). "Biografia – Mika Tapio Lavento" (PDF). Oodeja Mikalle: Juhlakirja professori Mika Lavennolle hänen täyttäessään 60 vuotta. Monographs of the Archaeological Society of Finland (in Finnish). 10. Archaeological Society of Finland: VI–VIII. ISBN 978-952-68453-9-5. ISSN 1799-8611.
- 1 2 Kalmistopiiri (2022-04-19). "Intohimona inventointi – professori Mika Lavennon haastattelu". Kalmistopiiri (in Finnish). ISSN 2489-9305 . Retrieved 2024-05-28.
- ↑ "PhD projects | Archaeology | University of Helsinki". www.helsinki.fi. Retrieved 2024-05-28.
- ↑ "Indigeneity Research Unit". Global Station for Indigenous Studies and Cultural Diversity (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-05-29.
- ↑ "Aiemmat toimihenkilöt – Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistys" . Retrieved 2024-05-28.
- ↑ "Ordinarie ledamöter". The Finnish Society of Sciences And Letters. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
- ↑ Salmi, Anna-Kaisa, ed. (2022). Oodeja Mikalle: Juhlakirja professori Mika Lavennolle hänen täyttäessään 60 vuotta Odes to Mika: Festschrift for Professor Mika Lavento on the occasion of his 60th birthday Оды Мике: Юбилейный сборник посвященный 60-летию профессора Мики Лавенто. Monographs of the Archaeological Society of Finland (in Finnish, English, and Russian). Helsinki: The Archaeological Society of Finland. ISBN 978-952-69942-0-8.
- ↑ "Johdatus arkeologiaan". Gaudeamus (in Finnish). Retrieved 2024-05-29.
- ↑ "Muinaisuutemme jäljet". Gaudeamus (in Finnish). Retrieved 2024-05-29.
- ↑ "Maaperän fosforianalyysi arkeologiassa | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
- ↑ "Textile ceramics in Finland and on the Karelian Isthmus : nine variations and fugue on a theme of C. F. Meinander | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
- ↑ "Vol. 16 (2008): Karelian Isthmus – Stone Age Studies in 1998–2003". Iskos. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
- ↑ "Petra ‒ The Mountain of Aaron III". tiedekirja.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 2024-05-29.
- ↑ "Хозяйство волжских финнов эпохи поздней бронзы и начала железного века | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 2024-05-29.