Milton Bennett | |
---|---|
Born | Milton James Bennett |
Nationality | American |
Academic background | |
Alma mater | |
Thesis | Forming/Feeling Process [1] (1977) |
Academic work | |
Discipline | Sociology |
Sub-discipline | Cultural sociology |
Institutions | Portland State University |
Notable ideas | Bennett scale |
Milton James Bennett,often cited as Milton J. Bennett,is an American sociologist. [2] He is credited as the creator of Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS). [3]
Bennett was a tenured professor at Portland State University and is now an adjunct professor of intercultural studies in the Department of Sociology of the University of Milano Bicocca. [4] He has received prizes from the Society for Intercultural Education,Training and Research (SIETAR) and from NAFSA:Association of International Educators. [5]
Intercultural relations,sometimes called intercultural studies,is a relatively new formal field of social science studies. It is a practical,multi-field discipline designed to train its students to understand,communicate,and accomplish specific goals outside their own cultures. Intercultural relations involves,at a fundamental level,learning how to see oneself and the world through the eyes of another. It is seeks to prepare students for interaction with cultures both similar to their own or very different from their own. Some aspects of intercultural relations also include,their power and cultural identity with how the relationship should be upheld with other foreign countries.
Interculturalism is a political movement that supports cross-cultural dialogue and challenging self-segregation tendencies within cultures. Interculturalism involves moving beyond mere passive acceptance of multiple cultures existing in a society and instead promotes dialogue and interaction between cultures. Interculturalism is often used to describe the set of relations between indigenous and western ideals,grounded in values of mutual respect.
Intercultural communication is a discipline that studies communication across different cultures and social groups,or how culture affects communication. It describes the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious,social,ethnic,and educational backgrounds. In this sense,it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act,communicate,and perceive the world around them. Intercultural communication focuses on the recognition and respect of those with cultural differences. The goal is mutual adaptation between two or more distinct cultures which leads to biculturalism/multiculturalism rather than complete assimilation. It promotes the development of cultural sensitivity and allows for empathic understanding across different cultures.
Everett M. "Ev" Rogers was an American communication theorist and sociologist,who originated the diffusion of innovations theory and introduced the term early adopter. He was distinguished professor emeritus in the department of communication and journalism at the University of New Mexico.
Molefi Kete Asante is an American professor and philosopher. He is a leading figure in the fields of African-American studies,African studies,and communication studies. He is currently a professor in the Department of Africology at Temple University,where he founded the PhD program in African-American Studies. He is president of the Molefi Kete Asante Institute for Afrocentric Studies.
Intercultural learning is an area of research,study and application of knowledge about different cultures,their differences and similarities. On the one hand,it includes a theoretical and academic approach. On the other hand,it comprises practical applications such as learning to negotiate with people from different cultures,living with people from different cultures,living in a different culture and the prospect of peace between different cultures.
Cultural competence,also known as intercultural competence,is a range of cognitive,affective,and behavioural,linguistic,skills that lead to effective and appropriate communication with people of other cultures. Intercultural or cross-cultural education are terms used for the training to achieve cultural competence.
Hamid Mowlana is an Iranian-American author and academic. He is Professor Emeritus of International Relations in the School of International Services at American University in Washington,D.C. He was an advisor to the former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
D. Lawrence Kincaid is a senior advisor for the Research and Evaluation Division of the Center for Communication Programs and an associate scientist in the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
The Bennett scale,also called the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS),was developed by Milton Bennett. The framework describes the different ways in which people can react to cultural differences. Bennett's initial idea was for trainers to utilize the model to evaluate trainees' intercultural awareness and help them improve intercultural sensitivity,also sometimes referred to as cultural sensitivity,which is the ability of accepting and adapting to a brand new and different culture.
Face-Negotiation Theory is a theory conceived by Stella Ting-Toomey in 1985,to understand how people from different cultures manage rapport and disagreements. The theory posited "face",or self-image when communicating with others,as a universal phenomenon that pervades across cultures. In conflicts,one's face is threatened;and thus the person tends to save or restore his or her face. This set of communicative behaviors,according to the theory,is called "facework". Since people frame the situated meaning of "face" and enact "facework" differently from one culture to the next,the theory poses a cultural-general framework to examine facework negotiation. It is important to note that the definition of face varies depending on the people and their culture and the same can be said for the proficiency of facework.
Cultural sensitivity, also referred to as cross-cultural sensitivity or cultural awareness,is the knowledge,awareness,and acceptance of other cultures and others' cultural identities. It is related to cultural competence,and is sometimes regarded as the precursor to the achievement of cultural competence,but is a more commonly used term. On the individual level,cultural sensitivity is a state of mind regarding interactions with those different from oneself. Cultural sensitivity enables travelers,workers,and others to successfully navigate interactions with a culture other than their own.
Co-cultural communication theory was built upon the frameworks of muted group theory and standpoint theory. The cornerstone of co-cultural communication theory is muted group theory as proposed in the mid 1970s by Shirley and Edwin Ardener. The Ardeners were cultural anthropologists who made the observation that most other cultural anthropologists practicing ethnography in the field were talking only to the leaders of the cultures,who were by and large adult males. The researchers would then use this data to represent the culture as a whole,leaving out the perspectives of women,children and other groups made voiceless by the cultural hierarchy. The Ardeners maintained that groups which function at the top of the society hierarchy determine to a great extent the dominant communication system of the entire society. Ardener's 1975 muted group theory also posited that dominant group members formulate a "communication system that support their perception of the world and conceptualized it as the appropriate language for the rest of society".
Cultural contracts refer to the degree that cultural values are exchanged between groups. They are the agreements made between two groups of people regarding how they will modify their identities in unison. Cultural contract theory investigates how identities shift and are negotiated through cross-cultural interaction. It extends identity negotiation theory and uncertainty reduction theory by focusing defining the negotiation experience from the perspective of minority groups when dealing with cultural norms set by the majority groups. Relationally coordinating with others is the main objective of a cultural contract. The three fundamental premises of the cultural contracts theory are that identities are contractual,continually transferred,and requirement for validation.
Joseph Woelfel is an American sociologist. Born in Buffalo,New York,Dr. Woelfel is an Emeritus Professor in the Department of Communication at the University at Buffalo,The State University of New York.
Muneo Jay Yoshikawa is a Japanese professor,author,researcher and consultant in the fields of intercultural communication,human development,human resource management,and leadership.
Asiacentrism is an ethnocentric and economic perspective that regards Asia to be either superior,central,or unique relative to other regions. This ideological stance may take the form of ascribing to Asia significance or supremacy at the cost of the rest of the world. The concept arose in the context of a projected Asian Century,the expected economic and cultural dominance of Asia in the 21st century,in the 1990s.
Dr. Robert Martin Shuter was an American author,academic,and consultant specializing in intercultural communication. He was Research Professor at the Hugh Downs School of Human Communication at Arizona State University and Professor Emeritus at the Diederich College of Communication at Marquette University,where he taught for 41 years and chaired the Department of Communication Studies for 29 years.
Timothy R. Levine is an American communication professor,prolific researcher,and theorist. He is Distinguished Professor and Chair of Communication Studies at University of Alabama at Birmingham. Levine is credited as one of the most central and prolific researchers in the field of Communication Studies,is known for his work as the creator of truth-default theory,his developmental work on the veracity effect,and editing of the encyclopedia of deception. He is the author of Duped,published by The University of Alabama Press.
Laura Miller is an American anthropologist and the Ei'ichi Shibusawa-Seigo Arai Endowed Professor of Japanese Studies and Professor of History at the University of Missouri–St. Louis. She held various academic positions and jobs in both the United States and Japan before accepting this named chair in 2010.