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Thuluth is a script variety of Islamic calligraphy. The straight angular forms of Kufic were replaced in the new script by curved and oblique lines. In Thuluth, one-third of each letter slopes, from which the name comes. An alternative theory to the meaning is that the smallest width of the letter is one third of the widest part. It is an elegant, cursive script, used in medieval times on mosque decorations. Various calligraphic styles evolved from Thuluth through slight changes of form.
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Mashq is one of the oldest calligraphic forms of the Arabic script. At the time of the emergence of Islam, this type of writing was likely already in use in various parts of the Arabian Peninsula. It is first attested during the reign of caliph Umar, making it one of the earliest forms of Arabic script, along with Hijazi and Kufic. It was used in most texts produced during the first and second centuries after the Hijra.
Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Muqla, commonly known as Ibn Muqla, was an official of the Abbasid Caliphate of Persian origin who rose to high state posts in the early 10th century. His career culminated in his own assumption of the vizierate at Baghdad thrice: in 928–930, 932–933 and 934–936. Unable to successfully challenge the growing power of regional emirs, he lost his position to the first amir al-umara, Ibn Ra'iq, and died in prison. He was also a noted calligrapher, inventing al-khatt al-mansūb and khatt ath-thuluth.
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Lonban, one of the oldest quarters of Isfahan, is famous for its mosque. Its current structure is rebuilt in the contemporary era, but some of the plaster works and paintings are from the Safavid age. Some of the inscriptions on the portal are the art works of Mohammad Reza Emami. Besides there is an extraordinary wooden minbar which is one of the most exquisite artworks from the time of the Safavid dynasty.
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Abd ol-Baghi Tabrizi was a prominent Iranian calligrapher during the reign of Safavid dynasty. He was specially an expert in the Thuluth, Naskh and Reqa script. He lived during the era of Abbas I and was a student of Alaeddin Tabrizi and Ali Reza Abbassi. He died in 1629.
Aboutorab Esfahani, pseudonym: Toraba, (1581–1662) was a prominent Persian calligrapher of the Nastaliq script and one of the most important calligraphy students of Mir Emad.
Ali Reza Abbasi Tabrizi was a prominent Persian calligrapher and calligraphy teacher, who flourished in 16th-17th century Safavid Iran. He was titled by Abbas I as Šāhnavāz Xān. Abbasi was a master of Naskh and Thuluth scripts and the initiator of his own style of Nastaʿlīq script. Besides he was an expert of various other scripts like Muhaqqaq, Reqa, Reyhan, Tevki and Taʿlīq scripts.
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Mohammad Hossein Tabrizi was an Iranian calligrapher. He was an expert in the Nastaliq script. Like Mir Emad and Ali Reza Abbassi, he was titled also as Mahin Ostad he was also a poet and wrote poetry with the pseudonym Mahsun.
Nour ed-Din Mohammad Esfahani was a prominent Persian calligrapher. He lived in the 17th century. He was from Isfahan. He was Aboutorab Esfahani's son and Mohammad Saleh Esfahani's brother, who were both also famous calligraphers. He died in 1683.
Golestan-e Honar is a book written by Ahmad Monshi Ghomi. It is one of few sources, which gives valuable information about calligraphers and painters and the history of art of bookmaking in Persia in the late Timurid to the middle of Safavid period and contains first-hand information on some of the artists and patrons, whom the author and his family members came into contact with. The book was written in 1598 in the Safavid era. In 1607, another edition of this book was published with some deletions and additions in the previous edition. Golestan-e Honar introduces artists, whom the author knew personally or knew about them by other trusted persons. Therefore, the book is one of the main sources for study and research about the art and artists in the Safavid era. The author used poems of famous poets in all parts of the book.
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The Mesri Mosque is a historical mosque in Isfahan, Iran. The mosque was built in 1650 in the Safavid era. There is an inscription in its mihrab, written by the famous calligrapher Mohammad Reza Emami in Nastaliq script.
References
- ↑ Habibollah Fazaeli (1983), Atlas e Xat(Calligraphy Atlas) (in Persian), Maschal, pp. 350–351