Loans
Early loans
Mongolia's first IMF loan was for $54 million. [1] Six years later, Mongolia received a $45 million three-year loan under the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) in 1997. [2]
The Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) was a program of financial assistance given to poor countries from December 1987 through 1999 through the International Monetary Fund. It replaced the Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF) and was itself replaced by the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF).
Through this loan and support from IMF, Mongolia began to make economic reforms, which included liberalization of wages and prices, allowed a larger mining capacity, [3] a reduction in import restriction, privatization of some state enterprises, the establishment of a commercial banking system, easing of capital controls and a floating exchange rate system for managing its money supply.
A floating exchange rate is a type of exchange rate regime in which a currency's value is allowed to fluctuate in response to foreign exchange market events. A currency that uses a floating exchange rate is known as a floating currency. A floating currency is contrasted with a fixed currency whose value is tied to that of another currency, material goods or to a currency basket.
The money supply is the total value of money available in an economy at a point of time. There are several ways to define "money", but standard measures usually include currency in circulation and demand deposits. Each country’s central bank may use its own definitions of what constitutes money for its purposes.
However, serious fundamental problems remained, such as a weak banking system, a large and inefficient public sector, a "discretionary" tax system and a legal infrastructure that did not support private sector sufficiently. [4] In addition, the progress stalled in 1998 due to large declines in export prices, spillovers from regional crises and political problems.
Based on the impressive economic growth in the past, the IMF executive board approved Mongolia's Second Annual Program under ESAF. [5] This time they sought to solve the structural problems that remained after the first program under ESAF.
Extend Fund Facility in 2017
In 2017, Mongolia, with a current quota of $72.3 million, requested a three-year extended arrangement under the IMF’s Extended Fund Facility (EFF), with access equivalent to $434.3 million (435 percent of quota). After almost two decades, the Mongolian economy still struggles with structural problems. The drop in commodity prices and collapse in foreign direct investment slowed the economy. Foreign investment dramatically fell after a briefly enacted foreign investment law passed in reaction to a proposed acquisition in SouthGobi Resources by a Chinese state owned mining company in 2012. [6]
Commodity price shocks are times when the prices for commodities have drastically increased or decreased over a short span of time.
A foreign direct investment (FDI) is an investment in the form of a controlling ownership in a business in one country by an entity based in another country. It is thus distinguished from a foreign portfolio investment by a notion of direct control.
SouthGobi Resources is a coal mining company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and Toronto Stock Exchange. The company's primary asset is a coal mine and development projects of coal assets in Mongolia.
On April 13, 2017, Minister of Finance of Mongolia B. Choijilsuren and the governor of the Bank of Mongolia N. Bayasaikhan sent a letter of intent to IMF requesting the extended arrangement. [7] With some delay due to the new law on foreign exchange, the request was approved on May 24, 2017. This loan is part of a bigger $5.5 billion financing package supported by Japan, Korea, China, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. [8] Once the Mongolian government acknowledged this problem, they prepared an Economic Recovery Program.
For a quarter of a century following independence, Cameroon was one of the most prosperous countries in Africa. The drop in commodity prices for its principal exports —petroleum, cocoa, coffee, and cotton — in the mid-1980s, combined with an overvalued currency and economic mismanagement, led to a decade-long recession. Real per capita GDP fell by more than 60% from 1986 to 1994. The current account and fiscal deficits widened, and foreign debt grew. Yet because of its oil reserves and favorable agricultural conditions, Cameroon still has one of the best-endowed primary commodity economies in sub-Saharan Africa.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF), also known as the Fund, is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world while periodically depending on World Bank for its resources. Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system. It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises. Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money. As of 2016, the fund had XDR 477 billion.
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The economy of Togo has struggled greatly. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) ranks it as the tenth poorest country in the world, with development undercut by political instability, lowered commodity prices, and external debts. While industry and services play a role, the economy is dependent on subsistence agriculture, with industrialization and regional banking suffering major setbacks.
The heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) are a group of 37 developing countries with high levels of poverty and debt overhang which are eligible for special assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.
Structural adjustment programs (SAPs) consist of loans provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) to countries that experienced economic crises. The two Bretton Woods Institutions require borrowing countries to implement certain policies in order to obtain new loans. The conditionality clauses attached to the loans have been criticized because of their effects on the social sector.
The Arab Monetary Fund (AMF) is a regional Arab organization, a working sub-organization of the Arab League. It was founded 1976, and has been operational since 1977.
The Haiti economic reforms of 1996 were designed to rebuild economy of Haiti after significant downturns suffered in the previous years. The primary reforms were centered on the Emergency Economic Recovery Plan (EERP) and were followed by budget reforms.
The Financial Transactions Plan of the International Monetary Fund is the mechanism through which the Fund finances its lending and repayment operations, to its members, in the General Resources Account. It was formerly called the operational budget.
Ukraine has been a member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) since 1992. Ukraine is one of the top four largest borrowers from the IMF.
Tanzania is a member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) with a current quota of US$551.35 million, and is a part of the South Africa and Nigeria led constituency with a totaling voting share of 2.97%. The IMF has been involved in Tanzania's economy since the 1970s. Over the years, there have been roughly three stages of the IMF's involvement in Tanzania: the first round of reform lasted from 1986 to 1995, the second round of reform lasted from 1996 to 2006, and the third round focused mainly on consolidating the reforms made from previous stages.
El Salvador has been a member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) since 1946. Their quota currently consists of 287.20 million SDR. The country has received loans from the IMF in the past, but most recently has received only standby loans and currently has no outstanding payments. As of June 2017, the standby arrangements total 1,442,300 SDR while the government has only drawn upon 132,250 SDR.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has operated in Malawi since 1965.
Vietnam joined the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on September 21, 1956, under the policy of Article VIII. Their quota contributes an estimated SDR of 1,153 millions and voting power of 0.24%. As of August 2016, the current IMF Resident Representative to Vietnam is Jonathan Dunn.
Jamaica joined the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in February of 1963 under the leadership of The Rt. Hon. Sir Alexander Bustamante, one year after the country’s independence. From 1963 to 1966, Rt. Hon. Sir Donald Sangster served as Jamaica’s governor to the IMF and World Bank, and represented Jamaica during delegations held at the IMF and World Bank's Washington D.C. headquarters. In 1963, the IMF made its first loan to Jamaica ever, in the amount of 10 million SDR’s. In 1967, Sir Donald Sangster was elected as Jamaica's second Prime Minister, simultaneously serving as Minister of Finance and Minister of Defense.
Portugal joined International Monetary Fund (IMF) on March 29, 1961. They joined by submitting 100 percent of their quota, which is 2,060.10 SDR. Currently, Portugal is using 187.5 percent of their quota, which is 3,862.69 SDR. Portugal has not had an IMF disbursement since 2014. Portugal has just .44 percent of voting power in the IMF.
Relations between the International Monetary Fund and Djibouti began in 1978, at the time of Djibouti's membership. Since that time, Djibouti has taken out three different kinds of loans or credit lines from the IMF. A Stand-By-Credit, an Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility, and Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility plan.
Poland was one of the founding members of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 1945. Under pressure from the Soviet Union, the country withdrew in 1950, believing that the organization had become a tool for the United States. Poland rejoined the IMF in 1986, following the end of martial law in Poland (1981–1983) and the withdrawal of the US veto against Polish membership.
Pakistan has been a member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) since 1950. Due to unpredictable nature of the economy and heavily dependent on imports, IMF has given loan to Pakistan on twenty-two occasions since its membership, recent in 2019.
