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Ahmad Shah Massoud was an Afghan politician and military commander. He was a powerful guerrilla commander during the resistance against the Soviet occupation between 1979 and 1989. In the 1990s,he led the government's military wing against rival militias;after the Taliban takeover,he was the leading opposition commander against their regime until his assassination in 2001.
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The Afghanistan conflict is a series of events and wars that have kept Afghanistan in a continuous state of armed conflict since 1978. The country's instability began during the time of the Republic of Afghanistan in the 1970s,which had been established following the collapse of the Kingdom of Afghanistan in the 1973 coup d'état;with the overthrow of Afghan monarch Mohammed Zahir Shah,who reigned for almost forty years,Afghanistan’s relatively peaceful period in modern history came to an end. The triggering event for the ongoing Afghanistan conflict was the Saur Revolution of 1978,which overthrew the Republic of Afghanistan and established the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Rampant post-revolution fighting across the country ultimately led to a pro-government military intervention by the Soviet Union,sparking the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s.
The National Front of Afghanistan,or Jabh-e Melli,was established in late 2011 by Ahmad Zia Massoud,Haji Mohammad Mohaqiq and Abdul Rashid Dostum. It was generally regarded as a reformation of parts of the military wing which once existed of the United Front which with U.S. air support removed the Taliban from power in Afghanistan in late 2001. The National Front strongly opposed a return of the Taliban to power but failed to keep them in check. It retains only a small military apparatus today. The chairman of the National Front is Ahmad Zia Massoud,the younger brother of the Northern Alliance leader Ahmad Shah Massoud who was assassinated two days before the September 11 attacks in 2001. It is unclear if it is still in operation,as Afghanistan's Republican government has collapsed.
The Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) intelligence agency of Pakistan has been accused of being heavily involved in covertly running military intelligence programs in Afghanistan since before the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The first ISI operation in Afghanistan took place in 1975. It was in "retaliation to Republic of Afghanistan's proxy war and support to the militants against Pakistan". Before 1975,ISI did not conduct any operation in Afghanistan and it was only after decade of Republic of Afghanistan's proxy war against Pakistan,support to militants and armed incursion in 1960 and 1961 in Bajaur that Pakistan was forced to retaliate. Later on,in the 1980s,the ISI in Operation Cyclone systematically coordinated the distribution of arms and financial means provided by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to factions of the Afghan mujahideen such as the Hezb-e Islami (HeI) of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and the forces of Ahmad Shah Massoud whose forces would later be known as the Northern Alliance. After the Soviet retreat,the different Mujahideen factions turned on each other and were unable to come to a power sharing deal which resulted in a civil war. The United States,along with the ISI and the Pakistani government of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto became the primary source of support for Hekmatyar in his 1992–1994 bombardment campaign against the Islamic State of Afghanistan and the capital Kabul.
Afghanistan and Poland established diplomatic relations in 1928. Afghanistan has an embassy in Warsaw.
The following is an outline of the series of events that led up the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021).
References
- ↑ "Meshrano Jirga". Government of Afghanistan. Archived from the original on November 13, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
- ↑ Jon Lee Anderson, Thomas Dworzak (2003). The Lion's Grave: Dispatches from Afghanistan. Grove Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-8021-4025-8 . Retrieved 2010-12-05.
Engineer Muhammad Aref ('engineer' is a common Afghan honorific, indicating that someone is educated and has studied engineering), who is now the head of Afghan intelligence services, was Massoud's chief of security; it was in his office that the assassination took place.
- ↑ "Panjsher Governor Accused of Smuggling Lazuli". Ariana News . 2017-03-14. Archived from the original on 2017-03-16. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
Generic references
- Gall, Carlotta (2004-02-05). "Afghan Leader Removes Chief Of Intelligence". The New York Times . Retrieved 2010-01-29.
- Schroen, Gary C. (2005). First In: An Insider's Account of How the CIA Spearheaded the War on Terror in Afghanistan . Random House, Inc. ISBN 0-89141-872-5.