Mycoplasmoidaceae

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Mycoplasmoidaceae
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Bacillati
Phylum: Mycoplasmatota
Class: Mollicutes
Order: Mycoplasmoidales
Family: Mycoplasmoidaceae
Gupta et al. 2018

Mycoplasmoidaceae is a family of bacteria under the order Mycoplasmoidales. It contains the genera Eperythrozoon , Malacoplasma , Mycoplasmoides , and Ureaplasma . Members infect animals, including humans. [1] Before 2018, they were known as the "pneumoniae group" of Mycoplasma . [2] Many species are sexually transmitted and cause pelvic inflammatory disease. [3]

Contents

Genera

Eperythrozoon

This genus includes the so-called "hemoplasmas", the uncultivated organisms that parasitise their hosts by adhering to erythrocytes. [4] [2]

Mycoplasmoides

This genus contains important human pathogens such as Mycoplasmoides genitalium and Mycoplasmoides pneumoniae . [2]

Malacoplsma

This genus contains Malacoplasma penetrans , [2] a known human pathogen. [5]

Ureaplasma

As the name implies, ureaplasma is urease positive. This genera is distinct from other genera in Mollicutes in that it hydrolyses urea for generation of ATP.

Ureaplasmaspp. as human pathogens

Both Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum have been identified as important human pathogens, causing infection in the urogenital tract and, rarely, at distal sites. [6] [7] [8] Their role in neonatal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes has been well established, and semantic classifications are changing to reflect the nature of the detrimental outcomes these infections are associated with. [9] In the 2010s, Mycoplasmoides genitalium has been re-classified as an STI, [10] and it is possible that with more research, Ureaplasma spp. will follow this trend. Similar to other pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis , infection with Ureaplasma spp. is associated with adverse fertility outcomes in both men and women. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] Both cause non-gonococcal urethritis. Ureaplasma spp. were implicated in conditions such as prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome as early as the 1980s. [16] [17] [18] Research in women has lagged several decades behind, but it is now becoming more clear how Ureaplasma spp. contribute to etiologies such as interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. [19] [20] [21] Ureaplasma spp. are associated with alterations in host environment that increase susceptibility to other infections such as bacterial vaginosis and vaginal candidiasis. [22] [23] Ureaplasma spp. can cause reactive arthritis as well as directly infect the synovium. [24] [8] Some case studies have suggested a causative role in complex regional pain syndrome/reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. [25]

References

  1. ↑ "Family: Mycoplasmoidaceae". lpsn.dsmz.de.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Gupta, R.S.; Sawnani, S.; Adeolu, M.; Alnajar, S.; Oren, A. (2018). "Phylogenetic framework for the phylum Tenericutes based on genome sequence data: proposal for the creation of a new order Mycoplasmoidales ord. nov., containing two new families Mycoplasmoidaceae fam. nov. and Metamycoplasmataceae fam. nov. harbouring Eperythrozoon, Ureaplasma and five novel genera". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 111 (9): 1583–1630. doi:10.1007/s10482-018-1047-3. PMID   29556819. S2CID   254226604.
  3. ↑ Ljubin-Sternak S, Meštrović T (2014). "Chlamydia trachomatis and Genital Mycoplasmas: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health". Journal of Pathogens. 2014 (183167): 183167. doi: 10.1155/2014/183167 . PMC   4295611 . PMID   25614838.
  4. ↑ Maggi, Ricardo G.; Compton, Sarah M.; Trull, Chelsea L.; Mascarelli, Patricia E.; Mozayeni, B. Robert; Breitschwerdt, Edward B. (1 October 2013). "Infection with Hemotropic Mycoplasma Species in Patients with or without Extensive Arthropod or Animal Contact". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 51 (10): 3237–3241. doi:10.1128/JCM.01125-13. PMC   3811635 . PMID   23863574.– discusses two species, both of which are more adequately put in Eperythrozoon post-2018.
  5. ↑ Waites, K. B.; Katz, B.; Schelonka, R. L. (2005). "Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas as Neonatal Pathogens". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 18 (4): 757–789. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.336.7047 . doi:10.1128/CMR.18.4.757-789.2005. ISSN   0893-8512. PMC   1265909 . PMID   16223956.
  6. ↑ Waites, Ken B.; Xiao, Li (1 January 2015). "Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas of Humans" . Molecular Medical Microbiology: 1587–1609. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-397169-2.00089-5. ISBN   9780123971692. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  7. ↑ Deetjen P, Maurer C, Rank A, Berlis A, Schubert S, Hoffmann R (February 2014). "Brain abscess caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum in an adult patient". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 52 (2): 695–8. doi:10.1128/JCM.02990-13. PMC   3911303 . PMID   24478517.
  8. 1 2 Vittecoq O, Schaeverbeke T, Favre S, Daragon A, Biga N, Cambon-Michot C, et al. (November 1997). "Molecular diagnosis of Ureaplasma urealyticum in an immunocompetent patient with destructive reactive polyarthritis". Arthritis and Rheumatism. 40 (11): 2084–9. doi: 10.1002/art.1780401122 . PMID   9365099.
  9. ↑ Viscardi RM (January 2014). "Ureaplasma species: role in neonatal morbidities and outcomes". Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. 99 (1): F87-92. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-303351. PMC   4239122 . PMID   23960141.
  10. ↑ Horner P, Blee K, Adams E (February 2014). "Time to manage Mycoplasma genitalium as an STI: but not with azithromycin 1 g!". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 27 (1): 68–74. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000030. PMID   24322592. S2CID   10367939.
  11. ↑ Zeighami H, Peerayeh SN, Yazdi RS, Sorouri R (June 2009). "Prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum in semen of infertile and healthy men". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 20 (6): 387–90. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2008.008334. PMID   19451322. S2CID   29253206.
  12. ↑ Zhou YH, Ma HX, Shi XX, Liu Y (December 2018). "Ureaplasma spp. in male infertility and its relationship with semen quality and seminal plasma components". Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi. 51 (6): 778–783. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2016.09.004 . PMID   28739435.
  13. ↑ Haggerty CL, Totten PA, Tang G, Astete SG, Ferris MJ, Norori J, et al. (September 2016). "Identification of novel microbes associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 92 (6): 441–6. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052285 . PMC   5013099 . PMID   26825087.
  14. ↑ Abele-Horn M, Wolff C, Dressel P, Pfaff F, Zimmermann A (May 1997). "Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum biovars with clinical outcome for neonates, obstetric patients, and gynecological patients with pelvic inflammatory disease". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 35 (5): 1199–202. doi: 10.1128/JCM.35.5.1199-1202.1997 . PMC   232729 . PMID   9114407.
  15. ↑ Piscopo RC, Guimarães RV, Ueno J, Ikeda F, Bella ZI, Girão MJ, Samama M (May 2020). "Increased prevalence of endocervical Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma colonization in infertile women with tubal factor". JBRA Assisted Reproduction. 24 (2): 152–157. doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20190078. PMC   7169909 . PMID   32031768.
  16. ↑ Weidner W, Brunner H, Krause W (1 November 1980). "Quantitative Culture of Ureaplasma Urealyticum In Patients with Chronic Prostatitis Or Prostatosis" . Journal of Urology. 124 (5): 622–625. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)55586-X. PMID   7452788. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  17. ↑ Magri V, Perletti G, Stamatiou K, Montanari E, Trinchieri A (2021). "Lithogenic Potential of Ureaplasma in Chronic Prostatitis". Urologia Internationalis. 105 (3–4): 328–333. doi:10.1159/000511653. PMID   33264795. S2CID   227261093.
  18. ↑ Park H, Lee G (September 2019). "Roles of Ureaplasma Species in Idiopathic Chronic Prostatitis: A Case-Control Study". The World Journal of Men's Health. 37 (3): 355–363. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180081. PMC   6704302 . PMID   30799562.
  19. ↑ Potts JM, Ward AM, Rackley RR (1 April 2000). "Association of chronic urinary symptoms in women and Ureaplasma urealyticum" . Urology. 55 (4): 486–489. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(99)00555-5. ISSN   0090-4295. PMID   10736488. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  20. ↑ Combaz-Söhnchen N, Kuhn A (December 2017). "A Systematic Review of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma in Urogynaecology". Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde. 77 (12): 1299–1303. doi:10.1055/s-0043-119687. PMC   5734936 . PMID   29269957.
  21. ↑ Kim MS, Lee DH, Kim TJ, Oh JJ, Rhee SR, Park DS, Yu YD (January 2021). "The role of Ureaplasma parvum serovar-3 or serovar-14 infection in female patients with chronic micturition urethral pain and recurrent microscopic hematuria". Translational Andrology and Urology. 10 (1): 96–108. doi: 10.21037/tau-20-920 . PMC   7844479 . PMID   33532300.
  22. ↑ Rumyantseva T, Khayrullina G, Guschin A, Donders G (March 2019). "Prevalence of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis in healthy women and patients with flora alterations". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 93 (3): 227–231. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.001. hdl: 10067/1585870151162165141 . PMID   30344067. S2CID   53041181.
  23. ↑ Payne MS, Ireland DJ, Watts R, Nathan EA, Furfaro LL, Kemp MW, et al. (October 2016). "Ureaplasma parvum genotype, combined vaginal colonisation with Candida albicans, and spontaneous preterm birth in an Australian cohort of pregnant women". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 16 (1): 312. doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-1110-x . PMC   5070304 . PMID   27756249.
  24. ↑ Hannu T (June 2011). "Reactive arthritis". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 25 (3): 347–57. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.018. PMID   22100285.
  25. ↑ Palazzi C, D'Amico E, Izzo F, Pace-Palitti V, Petricca A (1 January 2002). "Ureaplasma urealyticum as a possible cause of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome". Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 31 (2): 97–9. doi:10.1080/03009740252937621. PMID   12109655. S2CID   35964460.
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