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Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. The segments of DNA transcribed into RNA molecules that can encode proteins are said to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). Other segments of DNA are copied into RNA molecules called non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). mRNA comprises only 1-3% of total RNA samples. Less than 2% of the human genome can be transcribed into mRNA, while at least 80% of mammalian genomic DNA can be actively transcribed, with the majority of this 80% considered to be ncRNA.
Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRCA1 gene. Orthologs are common in other vertebrate species, whereas invertebrate genomes may encode a more distantly related gene. BRCA1 is a human tumor suppressor gene and is responsible for repairing DNA.
5' AMP-activated protein kinase or AMPK or 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase is an enzyme that plays a role in cellular energy homeostasis, largely to activate glucose and fatty acid uptake and oxidation when cellular energy is low. It belongs to a highly conserved eukaryotic protein family and its orthologues are SNF1 in yeast, and SnRK1 in plants. It consists of three proteins (subunits) that together make a functional enzyme, conserved from yeast to humans. It is expressed in a number of tissues, including the liver, brain, and skeletal muscle. In response to binding AMP and ADP, the net effect of AMPK activation is stimulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation, ketogenesis, stimulation of skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake, inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis, and triglyceride synthesis, inhibition of adipocyte lipogenesis, inhibition of adipocyte lipolysis, and modulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells.
Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products. Sophisticated programs of gene expression are widely observed in biology, for example to trigger developmental pathways, respond to environmental stimuli, or adapt to new food sources. Virtually any step of gene expression can be modulated, from transcriptional initiation, to RNA processing, and to the post-translational modification of a protein. Often, one gene regulator controls another, and so on, in a gene regulatory network.
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DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1, also known as RPB1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POLR2A gene.
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Long non-coding RNAs are a type of RNA, generally defined as transcripts more than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into protein. This arbitrary limit distinguishes long ncRNAs from small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), and other short RNAs. Long intervening/intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) are sequences of lncRNA which do not overlap protein-coding genes.
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HOXA11-AS lncRNA is a long non-coding RNA from the antisense strand in the homeobox A. The HOX gene contains four clusters. The sense strand of the HOXA gene codes for proteins. Alternative names for HOXA11-AS lncRNA are: HOXA-AS5, HOXA11S, HOXA11-AS1, HOXA11AS, or NCRNA00076. This gene is 3,885 nucleotides long and resides at chromosome 7 (7p15.2) and is transcribed from an independent gene promoter. Being a lncRNA, it is longer than 200 nucleotides in length, in contrast to regular non-coding RNAs.
mTORC1, also known as mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 or mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, is a protein complex that functions as a nutrient/energy/redox sensor and controls protein synthesis.
MIR22HG, also known as C17orf91, MGC14376, MIRN22, hsa-mir-22, and miR-22 is a human gene that encodes a noncoding RNA (ncRNA).This RNA molecule is not translated into a protein but nonetheless may have important functions.
References
- ↑ Xu CF, Brown MA, Nicolai H, Chambers JA, Griffiths BL, Solomon E (1997). "Isolation and characterisation of the NBR2 gene which lies head to head with the human BRCA1 gene". Hum. Mol. Genet. 6 (7): 1057–62. doi: 10.1093/hmg/6.7.1057 . PMID 9215675.
- ↑ Auriol E, Billard LM, Magdinier F, Dante R (2005). "Specific binding of the methyl binding domain protein 2 at the BRCA1-NBR2 locus". Nucleic Acids Res. 33 (13): 4243–54. doi:10.1093/nar/gki729. PMC 1181861 . PMID 16052033.
- ↑ Liu, Xiaowen; Xiao, Zhen-Dong; Han, Leng; Zhang, Jiexin; Lee, Szu-Wei; Wang, Wenqi; Lee, Hyemin; Zhuang, Li; Chen, Junjie (2016-04-01). "LncRNA NBR2 engages a metabolic checkpoint by regulating AMPK under energy stress". Nature Cell Biology. 18 (4): 431–442. doi:10.1038/ncb3328. ISSN 1476-4679. PMC 4814347 . PMID 26999735.
- ↑ Liu, Xiaowen; Xiao, Zhen-Dong; Gan, Boyi (2016-08-02). "An lncRNA switch for AMPK activation". Cell Cycle. 15 (15): 1948–1949. doi:10.1080/15384101.2016.1184515. ISSN 1551-4005. PMC 4968966 . PMID 27152502.
- ↑ Xiao, Zhen-Dong; Liu, Xiaowen; Zhuang, Li; Gan, Boyi (2016-07-03). "NBR2: A former junk gene emerges as a key player in tumor suppression". Molecular & Cellular Oncology. 3 (4): e1187322. doi:10.1080/23723556.2016.1187322. PMC 4972102 . PMID 27652330.
