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Breast cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, milk rejection, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. In those with distant spread of the disease, there may be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, or yellow skin.
A cancer vaccine, or oncovaccine, is a vaccine that either treats existing cancer or prevents development of cancer. Vaccines that treat existing cancer are known as therapeutic cancer vaccines or tumor antigen vaccines. Some of the vaccines are "autologous", being prepared from samples taken from the patient, and are specific to that patient.
The National Cancer Institute (NCI) coordinates the United States National Cancer Program and is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is one of eleven agencies that are part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The NCI conducts and supports research, training, health information dissemination, and other activities related to the causes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer; the supportive care of cancer patients and their families; and cancer survivorship.
The epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell–cell adhesion, and gain migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells; these are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. EMT is essential for numerous developmental processes including mesoderm formation and neural tube formation. EMT has also been shown to occur in wound healing, in organ fibrosis and in the initiation of metastasis in cancer progression.
Targeted therapy or molecularly targeted therapy is one of the major modalities of medical treatment (pharmacotherapy) for cancer, others being hormonal therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy. As a form of molecular medicine, targeted therapy blocks the growth of cancer cells by interfering with specific targeted molecules needed for carcinogenesis and tumor growth, rather than by simply interfering with all rapidly dividing cells. Because most agents for targeted therapy are biopharmaceuticals, the term biologic therapy is sometimes synonymous with targeted therapy when used in the context of cancer therapy. However, the modalities can be combined; antibody-drug conjugates combine biologic and cytotoxic mechanisms into one targeted therapy.
Betulinic acid is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid which has antiretroviral, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as a more recently discovered potential as an anticancer agent, by inhibition of topoisomerase. It is found in the bark of several species of plants, principally the white birch from which it gets its name, but also the ber tree, selfheal, the tropical carnivorous plants Triphyophyllum peltatum and Ancistrocladus heyneanus, Diospyros leucomelas, a member of the persimmon family, Tetracera boiviniana, the jambul, flowering quince, rosemary, and Pulsatilla chinensis.
Salinosporamide A (Marizomib) is a potent proteasome inhibitor being studied as a potential anticancer agent. It entered phase I human clinical trials for the treatment of multiple myeloma, only three years after its discovery in 2003. This marine natural product is produced by the obligate marine bacteria Salinispora tropica and Salinispora arenicola, which are found in ocean sediment. Salinosporamide A belongs to a family of compounds, known collectively as salinosporamides, which possess a densely functionalized γ-lactam-β-lactone bicyclic core.
Breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRMS1 gene.
MCF-7 is a breast cancer cell line isolated in 1970 from a 69-year-old White woman. MCF-7 is the acronym of Michigan Cancer Foundation-7, referring to the institute in Detroit where the cell line was established in 1973 by Herbert Soule and co-workers. The Michigan Cancer Foundation is now known as the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute.
Glembatumumab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that targets cancer cells expressing transmembrane glycoprotein NMB (GPNMB).
An immortalised cell line is a population of cells from a multicellular organism which would normally not proliferate indefinitely but, due to mutation, have evaded normal cellular senescence and instead can keep undergoing division. The cells can therefore be grown for prolonged periods in vitro. The mutations required for immortality can occur naturally or be intentionally induced for experimental purposes. Immortal cell lines are a very important tool for research into the biochemistry and cell biology of multicellular organisms. Immortalised cell lines have also found uses in biotechnology.
The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine is a cancer treatment, research and education institution with six locations in the St. Louis area. Siteman is the only cancer center in Missouri and within 240 miles of St. Louis to be designated a Comprehensive Cancer Center by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Siteman is also the only area member of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, a nonprofit alliance of 32 cancer centers dedicated to improving the quality and effectiveness of cancer care.
Pembrolizumab, sold under the brand name Keytruda, is a humanized antibody used in cancer immunotherapy that treats melanoma, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, stomach cancer, cervical cancer, and certain types of breast cancer. It is administered by slow intravenous injection.
MDA-MB-468 is a cell line that was isolated from a 51-year-old female human in 1977, and is commonly used in breast cancer research. MDA-MB-468 cells were extracted from a pleural effusion of mammary gland and breast tissues, and have proven useful for the study of metastasis, migration, and breast cancer proliferation.
Bemcentinib, also known as BGB324 or R428, is an experimental oral small molecule that is an inhibitor of AXL kinase. Bemcentinib was licensed from Rigel Pharmaceuticals by BerGenBio and currently undergoing six Phase II trials in various solid and hematological tumors as monotherapy and in combination with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapeutics.
Relda Marie Cailleau was an American scientist primarily known for her establishment of a series of breast cancer cell lines that have been crucial to the discovery of anticancer drugs and to an understanding of breast cancer biology.
Xiaohong Rose Yang is an American biomedical scientist researching the genetics of dysplastic nevus syndrome and chordoma, and etiologic heterogeneity of breast cancer. She is a senior investigator at the National Cancer Institute. Yang leads breast cancer studies in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Malaysia.
MDA-MB-453 is a human breast cancer cell line.
MDA-MB-231 is a human breast cancer cell line isolated at M D Anderson in 1973 that is used in therapeutic research, especially in the context of triple negative breast cancer.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Cell Lines in the In Vitro Screen". Developmental Therapeutics Program . National Cancer Institute. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
- 1 2 3 4 "NCI-60 Human Tumor Cell Lines Screen". Developmental Therapeutics Program . National Cancer Institute. 26 August 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
- ↑ "Discovery & Development Services". Developmental Therapeutics Program . National Cancer Institute. 26 August 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
- ↑ "Welcome to the Developmental Therapeutics Program". Developmental Therapeutics Program . National Cancer Institute . Retrieved 6 January 2018.
- ↑ "COMPARE Analysis". Developmental Therapeutics Program . National Cancer Institute. 11 August 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
- ↑ "Molecular Targets". Developmental Therapeutics Program . National Cancer Institute. 12 May 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "MDA-MB-435, and its derivation MDA-N, are Melanoma cell lines, not breast cancer cell lines". Developmental Therapeutics Program . National Cancer Institute. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Cell Line NCI/ADR-RES is an Ovarian tumor cell line, not a Breast line". Developmental Therapeutics Program . National Cancer Institute. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
- 1 2 3 "CNS cell lines SNB-19 and U251 are derived from the same individual". Developmental Therapeutics Program . National Cancer Institute. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
- 1 2 Database of Cross-Contaminated or Misidentified Cell Lines (PDF), 8.0, International Cell Line Authentication Committee (ICLAC), 1 December 2016, retrieved 6 January 2018
- 1 2 Prasad, Vidudala VTS; Gopalan, Ramprasad OG (2 June 2015). "Continued use of MDA-MB-435, a melanoma cell line, as a model for human breast cancer, even in year, 2014". npj Breast Cancer . 1: 15002–. doi:10.1038/npjbcancer.2015.2. PMC 5515196 . PMID 28721362.
- 1 2 "Cellosaurus search result: 61 hits for "NCI60 cancer cell line panel"". Cellosaurus . Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics . Retrieved 7 January 2018. The reference includes the list of linked pages in the search result.
- ↑ "Cellosaurus - a knowledge resource on cell lines". Cellosaurus . Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics . Retrieved 17 January 2018. The reference includes the pages found by searching with the respective cell line names as given in the List of Additional Cell Lines.