Nanomanufacturing

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Nanomanufacturing is both the production of nanoscaled materials, which can be powders or fluids, and the manufacturing of parts "bottom up" from nanoscaled materials or "top down" in smallest steps for high precision, used in several technologies such as laser ablation, etching and others. Nanomanufacturing differs from molecular manufacturing, which is the manufacture of complex, nanoscale structures by means of nonbiological mechanosynthesis (and subsequent assembly). [1]

Contents

The term "nanomanufacturing" is widely used, e.g. by the European Technology Platform MINAM [2] and the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). [3] The NNI refers to the sub-domain of nanotechnology as one of its five "priority areas." [4] There is also a nanomanufacturing program at the U.S. National Science Foundation, through which the National Nanomanufacturing Network (NNN) has been established. The NNN is an organization that works to expedite the transition of nanotechnologies from laboratory research to production manufacturing and it does so through information exchange, [5] strategic workshops, and roadmap development.

The NNI has defined nanotechnology very broadly, [6] to include a wide range of tiny structures, including those created by large and imprecise tools. However, nanomanufacturing is not defined in the NNI's recent report, Instrumentation and Metrology for Nanotechnology. In contrast, another "priority area," nanofabrication, is defined as "the ability to fabricate, by directed or self-assembly methods, functional structures or devices at the atomic or molecular level" (p. 67). Nanomanufacturing appears to be the near-term, industrial-scale manufacture of nanotechnology-based objects, with emphasis on low cost and reliability. Many professional societies have formed Nanotechnology technical groups. The Society of Manufacturing Engineers, for example, has formed a Nanomanufacturing Technical Group to both inform members of the developing technologies and to address the organizational and IP (intellectual property) legal issues that must be addressed for broader commercialization.

In 2014 the Government Accountability Office noted that America's leadership in nanotechnology was put at risk by a failure of the government to invest in preparing basic research for commercial application. [7]

Background

The realization of the numerous applications and benefits of nano-scale systems in everyday materials, electronics, medicine, energy conservation, sustainability, and transportation has led to research in developing techniques to produce these nano-systems on a larger-scale and at higher rates. [8] Programs and organizations like the NNI and NNN are currently funding research towards designing economic, sustainable and reliable industry-scale nanomanufacturing techniques. [9] [10]

An example of such technology is the Nanoscale Offset Printing System (NanoOps) which was developed by researchers at the Center of High-rate Nanomanufacturing (CHN) in Northeastern University. [11] The NanoOps is a form of directed assembly which is faster and more economic than traditional 3D printing of nanosystems. Ahmed Busnaina, who was the head lead of the project and featured in the film From Lab to Fab: Pioneers in Nano-manufacturing describes the system as a printing press. An etched template with nano wires is dipped in a solution with nano particles which acts as the ink for the press. [12] The nanoparticles adhere to the template when electricity is applied to the solution. [11] The template with the attached nano particles can then be taken out of the solution and pressed onto any material of choice. According to Busnaina, the whole process only costs 1% of conventional manufacturing and can reduce manufacturing time from days to minutes. [11]

Another illustrative example is the soft-template infiltration manufacturing technique developed by Nazanin Bassiri-Gharb at Georgia Institute of Technology. This is a bottom-up nanomanufacturing technique for the fabrication of ferroelectric, piezoelectrically-active nanotubes. The method uses electron beam lithography to draw a vacuum on the precursor sol-gel solution, thereby creating a polymeric template. Via this highly scalable and practical manufacturing process the user can produce custom patterns and shapes for numerous applications. [13] [14]

General overview

Nanomanufacturing refers to manufacturing processes of objects or material with dimensions between one and one hundred nanometers. [15] These processes results in nanotechnology, extremely small devices, structures, features, and systems that have applications in organic chemistry, molecular biology, aerospace engineering, physics, and beyond. [16] Nanomanufacturing enables the creation of new materials and products that have applications such as material removal processes, device assembly, medical devices, electrostatic coating and fibers, and lithography. [16] Nanomanufacturing is a relatively recent branch of manufacturing that represents both a new field of science and also a new marketplace. Research in nanomanufacturing, unlike tradition manufacturing, requires collective effort across typical engineering divides, such as collaboration between mechanical engineers, physicists, biologists, chemists, and material scientists. [16]

Nanomanufacturing can generally be broken down into two categories: top-down and bottom-up approaches.


Nanomanufacturing industry

In 2009, $91 billion was in US products that incorporate nanoscale components. [17] More than 60 countries established nanomanufacturing industry related programs at a national level between 2001 and 2004. [17] Cumulative funding since 2000 for National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is more than $12 billion. [17]

Table. 1 Nanotechnology Development in the Worlds and U.S. WIKI TABLE.png
Table. 1 Nanotechnology Development in the Worlds and U.S.
Figure.1 Number of nanotechnology related and non-overlapping application patents. WIKI TABLE 2.png
Figure.1 Number of nanotechnology related and non-overlapping application patents.

For sustainability point of view, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is a Nano-scale manufacturing technology using bottom-up and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) manufacturing method. [19] ALD replaces SiO2 dielectric film with Al2O3 dielectric film. [19] ALD industry is already in use in Semiconductor industry and promising in solar cells, fuel cells, medical device, sensor, polymer industries. [19] Nanomanufacturing technology allow improvements in food packaging. [18] For example, improvement in plastic material barrier allow customers to identify relevant information. [18] Longer food life and safer food is aimed with self repairing functions as well. [18] Performance of traditional construction materials; steel and concrete improves with nanotechnology. Reinforcing concrete with metal oxide nanoparticle reduces permeability and increase strength. [20] Property of high tensile strength and Young’s modulus of Nanocarbon additions such as Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and Carbon nanofibers (CNFs), creates denser and less porous material. [20]

Challenges of nanomanufacturing

The transitioning of nanotechnology from lab demonstrations to industrial-scale manufacturing has a number of challenges, some of which include:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanotechnology</span> Field of science involving control of matter on atomic and (supra)molecular scales

Nanotechnology was defined by the National Nanotechnology Initiative as the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). At this scale, commonly known as the nanoscale, surface area and quantum mechanical effects become important in describing properties of matter. The definition of nanotechnology is inclusive of all types of research and technologies that deal with these special properties. It is therefore common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to the broad range of research and applications whose common trait is size. An earlier description of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology.

Nanoengineering is the practice of engineering on the nanoscale. It derives its name from the nanometre, a unit of measurement equalling one billionth of a meter.

Nanosensors are nanoscale devices that measure physical quantities and convert these to signals that can be detected and analyzed. There are several ways proposed today to make nanosensors; these include top-down lithography, bottom-up assembly, and molecular self-assembly. There are different types of nanosensors in the market and in development for various applications, most notably in defense, environmental, and healthcare industries. These sensors share the same basic workflow: a selective binding of an analyte, signal generation from the interaction of the nanosensor with the bio-element, and processing of the signal into useful metrics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanomaterials</span> Materials whose granular size lies between 1 and 100 nm

Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized between 1 and 100 nm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanoelectromechanical systems</span> Class of devices for nanoscale functionality

Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are a class of devices integrating electrical and mechanical functionality on the nanoscale. NEMS form the next logical miniaturization step from so-called microelectromechanical systems, or MEMS devices. NEMS typically integrate transistor-like nanoelectronics with mechanical actuators, pumps, or motors, and may thereby form physical, biological, and chemical sensors. The name derives from typical device dimensions in the nanometer range, leading to low mass, high mechanical resonance frequencies, potentially large quantum mechanical effects such as zero point motion, and a high surface-to-volume ratio useful for surface-based sensing mechanisms. Applications include accelerometers and sensors to detect chemical substances in the air.

The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is a research and development initiative which provides a framework to coordinate nanoscale research and resources among United States federal government agencies and departments.

The history of nanotechnology traces the development of the concepts and experimental work falling under the broad category of nanotechnology. Although nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research, the development of its central concepts happened over a longer period of time. The emergence of nanotechnology in the 1980s was caused by the convergence of experimental advances such as the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985, with the elucidation and popularization of a conceptual framework for the goals of nanotechnology beginning with the 1986 publication of the book Engines of Creation. The field was subject to growing public awareness and controversy in the early 2000s, with prominent debates about both its potential implications as well as the feasibility of the applications envisioned by advocates of molecular nanotechnology, and with governments moving to promote and fund research into nanotechnology. The early 2000s also saw the beginnings of commercial applications of nanotechnology, although these were limited to bulk applications of nanomaterials rather than the transformative applications envisioned by the field.

Nanotechnology is impacting the field of consumer goods, several products that incorporate nanomaterials are already in a variety of items; many of which people do not even realize contain nanoparticles, products with novel functions ranging from easy-to-clean to scratch-resistant. Examples of that car bumpers are made lighter, clothing is more stain repellant, sunscreen is more radiation resistant, synthetic bones are stronger, cell phone screens are lighter weight, glass packaging for drinks leads to a longer shelf-life, and balls for various sports are made more durable. Using nanotech, in the mid-term modern textiles will become "smart", through embedded "wearable electronics", such novel products have also a promising potential especially in the field of cosmetics, and has numerous potential applications in heavy industry. Nanotechnology is predicted to be a main driver of technology and business in this century and holds the promise of higher performance materials, intelligent systems and new production methods with significant impact for all aspects of society.

The impact of nanotechnology extends from its medical, ethical, mental, legal and environmental applications, to fields such as engineering, biology, chemistry, computing, materials science, and communications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanometrology</span> Metrology of nanomaterials

Nanometrology is a subfield of metrology, concerned with the science of measurement at the nanoscale level. Nanometrology has a crucial role in order to produce nanomaterials and devices with a high degree of accuracy and reliability in nanomanufacturing.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to nanotechnology:

Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology to enhance the environmental sustainability of processes producing negative externalities. It also refers to the use of the products of nanotechnology to enhance sustainability. It includes making green nano-products and using nano-products in support of sustainability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ahmed Busnaina</span>


Ahmed A. Busnaina is an American nanotechnologist who is the William Lincoln Smith Chair and University Distinguished Professor, and Director of National Science Foundation’s Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC) for High-rate Nanomanufacturing and the NSF Center for Nano and Microcontamination Control at Northeastern University in Boston, Massacusetts.

The ISO/TS 80004 series of standards, from the International Organization for Standardization, describe vocabulary for nanotechnology and its applications. These were largely motivated by health, safety and environment concerns, many of them originally elaborated by Eric Drexler in his 1985 Engines of Creation and echoed in more recent research. The ISO standards simply describe vocabulary or terminology by which a number of critical discussions between members of various stakeholder communities, including the public and political leaders, can begin. Drexler, in Chapter 15 of his 1985 work, explained how such consultation and the evolution of new social media and mechanisms to make objective scientific determinations regardless of political and industrial and public pressures, would be important to the evolution of the field. Nonetheless, it took a quarter-century for the ISO to agree and eventually standardize on this terminology.

The applications of nanotechnology, commonly incorporate industrial, medicinal, and energy uses. These include more durable construction materials, therapeutic drug delivery, and higher density hydrogen fuel cells that are environmentally friendly. Being that nanoparticles and nanodevices are highly versatile through modification of their physiochemical properties, they have found uses in nanoscale electronics, cancer treatments, vaccines, hydrogen fuel cells, and nanographene batteries.

The Center for High-rate Nanomanufacturing ("CHN") at Northeastern University provides capabilities for the fabrication and study of nano-products, nanoscale materials and nanoscale manufacturing processes. Established in Boston in 2004 by the US National Science Foundation, the CHN's nanomanufacturing research program is creating new processes for making nanoproducts and aiding in the design of specific nanoproducts, such as sensors, biomedical devices, or batteries.

Directed assembly of micro- and nano-structures are methods of mass-producing micro to nano devices and materials. Directed assembly allows the accurate control of assembly of micro and nano particles to form even the most intricate and highly functional devices or materials.

Nazanin Bassiri-Gharb is a mechanical engineer in the field of micro and nano engineering and mechanics of materials. She is the Harris Saunders, Jr. Chair and Professor in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia. Bassiri-Gharb leads the Smart Materials, Advanced Research and Technology (SMART) Laboratory at Georgia Tech. Her research seeks to characterize and optimize the optical and electric response of interferometric modulator (IMOD) displays. She also investigates novel materials to improve reliability and processing of IMOD.

This glossary of nanotechnology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to nanotechnology, its sub-disciplines, and related fields.

References

  1. ↑ Glossary of Drexler's Nanosystems
  2. ↑ MINAM website
  3. ↑ U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative website
  4. ↑ "Events in British Telecomms History". Events in British TelecommsHistory. Archived from the original on April 5, 2003. Retrieved November 25, 2005.
  5. ↑ InterNano
  6. ↑ U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative: What is nanotechnology? Archived 2011-02-21 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ "Nanomanufacturing in America". The Economist. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  8. ↑ "Benefits and Applications | Nano". www.nano.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "NSI: Sustainable Nanomanufacturing-- Creating the Industries of the Future | Nano". www.nano.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  10. ↑ "About the National Nanomanufacturing Network | InterNano". www.internano.org. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  11. 1 2 3 "NanoOPS: From Lab To Fab : NEU Nanomanufacturing". nano.server281.com. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  12. ↑ "3Qs: The 3-D printing of tomorrow | news @ Northeastern". www.northeastern.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  13. ↑ Bernal, Ashley; Tselev, Alexander; Kalinin, Sergei; Bassiri‐Gharb, Nazanin (2012). "Free-Standing Ferroelectric Nanotubes Processed via Soft-Template Infiltration". Advanced Materials. 24 (9): 1160–1165. doi:10.1002/adma.201103993. ISSN   1521-4095. PMID   22279013. S2CID   21328432.
  14. ↑ USapplication 2013149500,Bassiri-Gharb, Nazanin&Bernal, Ashley L.,"Soft-template infiltration manufacturing of nanomaterials",published 2013-06-13, now abandoned.
  15. ↑ Wang, Yang (2009). "NANOMANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES: ADVANCES AND OPPORTUNITIES" (PDF). International Association for Management of Technology. University of Central Florida. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  16. 1 2 3 Biscarini, Fabio; Chen, Julie; Komanduri, Ranga; Taliani, Carlo (January 2002). "NSF-EC WORKSHOP ON NANOMANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING" (PDF). National Science Foundation. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  17. 1 2 3 Roco, Mihail (2011). "The long view of nanotechnology development: the National Nanotechnology Initiative at 10 years". Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 13 (2): 427–445. Bibcode:2011JNR....13..427R. doi: 10.1007/s11051-010-0192-z .
  18. 1 2 3 4 Sekhon, Bhupinder (2010). "Food nanotechnology – an overview". Nanotechnology, Science and Applications. 3: 1–15. PMC   3781769 . PMID   24198465.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Yuan, Chris (2012). "A three dimensional system approach for environmentally sustainable manufacturing". CIRP Annals. 61: 39–42. doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2012.03.105.
  20. 1 2 Hanus, Monica (2013). "Nanotechnology innovations for the construction industry". Progress in Materials Science. 58 (7): 1056–1102. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2013.04.001.
  21. 1 2 3 Busnaina, Ahmed (2007). Nanomanufacturing Handbook . Boca Raton: CRC press: Taylor and Francis Group. pp.  3–16. ISBN   978-0-8493-3326-2.
  22. ↑ "Goals & Mission : NEU Nanomanufacturing". nano.server281.com. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
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