Natalie Wexler | |
---|---|
Born | 1955 (age 68–69) |
Citizenship | American |
Alma mater | Bryn Mawr School Radcliffe College (AB) University of Sussex (MA) University of Pennsylvania (JD) |
Occupation | Writer |
Known for | Literacy advocate, legal historian |
Spouse | James Feldman |
Natalie L. Wexler is an American education writer focusing on literacy and equity issues.
Wexler is a graduate of the Bryn Mawr School in Baltimore and Radcliffe College (A.B. 1976, magna cum laude), where she wrote for the Harvard Crimson . [1] [2] After college she worked as a reporter at the Winston-Salem Journal . [3]
Wexler also has degrees from the University of Sussex (Master of Arts 1977), and the University of Pennsylvania Law School (Juris Doctor 1983), where she served as editor-in-chief of the University of Pennsylvania Law Review . After graduating law school, she worked as a law clerk for Judge Alvin Benjamin Rubin of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, and then for Associate Justice Byron R. White of the United States Supreme Court. Following her clerkships, she practiced law at Bredhoff & Kaiser in Washington, D.C. [4] She later served as an associate editor of the eight-volume series The Documentary History of the Supreme Court, 1789-1800. [5]
Wexler has written articles and essays for a number of publications, including the New York Times, [6] The Atlantic, [7] and the Washington Post. [8] Beginning in 2010 she shifted her focus to education writing and served as education editor of the website Greater Greater Washington for several years. [9] [10] She is currently a senior contributor to Forbes.com focusing on education. [11] She has been interviewed on many TV and radio shows and podcasts, including Morning Joe [12] and NPR’s On Point [13] and 1A . [14]
In 1986, she married James Feldman, an attorney who was a Supreme Court clerk for Justice William J. Brennan. [4]
Wexler's first non-fiction book as a solo author, The Knowledge Gap (2019), addresses the achievement gap between schoolchildren on the higher and lower ends of the socioeconomic scale. [15] Wexler argues that, particularly in elementary schools, reading comprehension is taught as a set of skills that can be acquired and tested through exercises like "finding the main idea," when in fact comprehension depends largely on the reader's background knowledge and vocabulary. [16] Wexler rejects the idea that reading comprehension "can be taught in a manner completely disconnected from content" and argues that the increasing time devoted to skills-based comprehension exercises in schools has crowded out the systematic teaching of knowledge. [7] More privileged children have the opportunity to acquire more academic knowledge and vocabulary outside of school, while many less privileged children arrive at high school unprepared to read and understand texts that assume background knowledge they have not been given access to. Wexler therefore concludes that the achievement gap is largely a gap in knowledge rather than skills and supports the adoption of elementary literacy curricula that focus on building knowledge. [7] The Knowledge Gap examines attempts to implement this kind of curriculum in several schools and school districts in the United States and the United Kingdom. Wexler's argument has been compared to that of E.D. Hirsch, an education scholar who has been advancing similar ideas since the 1980s. [17] [16]
Wexler’s previous education book, The Writing Revolution (2017), was written with Judith C. Hochman and provides a guide to implementing the method of writing instruction that Hochman developed. [18] In contrast to most other approaches to writing instruction, the method begins at the sentence level and is designed to be embedded in the content of a school’s core curriculum. [19]
Wexler has also written three novels: A More Obedient Wife (2007), based on the lives and letters of two early Supreme Court justices and their wives; The Mother Daughter Show (2011), a satire set at an elite Washington, DC private school; [20] and The Observer (2014), set in the early 19th century and based on the life of Eliza Anderson Godefroy, the first American woman to edit a magazine.
Phonics is a method for teaching reading and writing to beginners. To use phonics is to teach the relationship between the sounds of the spoken language (phonemes), and the letters (graphemes) or groups of letters or syllables of the written language. Phonics is also known as the alphabetic principle or the alphabetic code. It can be used with any writing system that is alphabetic, such as that of English, Russian, and most other languages. Phonics is also sometimes used as part of the process of teaching Chinese people to read and write Chinese characters, which are not alphabetic, using pinyin, which is alphabetic.
Sandra Day O'Connor was an American attorney, politician, and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 to 2006. Nominated by President Ronald Reagan, O'Connor was the first woman to serve as a U.S. Supreme Court justice. A moderate conservative, she was considered a swing vote. Before O'Connor's tenure on the Court, she was an Arizona state judge and earlier an elected legislator in Arizona, serving as the first female majority leader of a state senate as the Republican leader in the Arizona Senate. Upon her nomination to the Court, O'Connor was confirmed unanimously by the United States Senate.
Harvard Law School (HLS) is the law school of Harvard University, a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1817, Harvard Law School is the oldest law school in continuous operation in the United States.
Joan Ruth Bader Ginsburg was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1993 until her death in 2020. She was nominated by President Bill Clinton to replace retiring justice Byron White, and at the time was viewed as a moderate consensus-builder. Ginsburg was the first Jewish woman and the second woman to serve on the Court, after Sandra Day O'Connor. During her tenure, Ginsburg authored the majority opinions in cases such as United States v. Virginia (1996), Olmstead v. L.C. (1999), Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc. (2000), and City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York (2005). Later in her tenure, Ginsburg received attention for passionate dissents that reflected liberal views of the law. She was popularly dubbed "the Notorious R.B.G.", a moniker she later embraced.
Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), was a unanimous landmark United States Supreme Court case that invalidated an Arkansas statute prohibiting the teaching of human evolution in the public schools. The Court held that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a state from requiring, in the words of the majority opinion, "that teaching and learning must be tailored to the principles or prohibitions of any religious sect or dogma." The Supreme Court declared the Arkansas statute unconstitutional because it violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. After this decision, some jurisdictions passed laws that required the teaching of creation science alongside evolution when evolution was taught. The Court also ruled these laws were unconstitutional in the 1987 case, Edwards v. Aguillard.
Experiential education is a philosophy of education that describes the process that occurs between a teacher and student that infuses direct experience with the learning environment and content. This concept is distinct from experiential learning, however experiential learning is a subfield and operates under the methodologies associated with experiential education. The Association for Experiential Education regards experiential education as "a philosophy that informs many methodologies in which educators purposefully engage with learners in direct experience and focused reflection in order to increase knowledge, develop skills, clarify values, and develop people's capacity to contribute to their communities". The Journal of Experiential Education publishes peer-reviewed empirical and theoretical academic research within the field.
Synthetic phonics, also known as blended phonics or inductive phonics, is a method of teaching English reading which first teaches letter-sounds and then how to blend (synthesise) these sounds to achieve full pronunciation of whole words.
Sonia Maria Sotomayor is an American lawyer and jurist who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was nominated by President Barack Obama on May 26, 2009, and has served since August 8, 2009. She is the third woman, the first woman of color, the first Hispanic, and the first Latina to serve on the Supreme Court.
Seattle University School of Law is the law school affiliated with Seattle University, located in Seattle, Washington, United States.
University of Illinois Chicago School of Law is the law school of the University of Illinois Chicago, a public research university in Chicago, Illinois. Founded in 1899, it became affiliated with the university in 2019. The school offers programs for both part-time and full-time students, with both day and night classes available, and offers January enrollment.
The Northeastern University School of Law is the law school of Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts.
The University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Civil Law or "UST Law" is a law school in Manila, Philippines. It is administered under the jurisdiction of the University of Santo Tomas, the oldest existing university in the Asia. It is one of the three law schools of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, with the other two being the Faculty of Canon Law and the Graduate School of Law.
The most recent comprehensive data on adult literacy in the United States come from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) study conducted in stages from 2012 to 2017 by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). English literacy test results from 2014 suggest that 21% of U.S. adults ages 16 to 65 score at or below PIAAC literacy level 1, meaning they have difficulty "[completing] tasks that require comparing and contrasting information, paraphrasing, or making low-level inferences." Included in that 21% is the 4.2% of respondents who were unable to be assessed due to language barriers, cognitive disability, or physical disability. A 2020 study by the Gallup analysis company funded by the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy estimated that getting all U.S. adults to at least PIAAC literacy level 3 proficiency would raise American's incomes by $2.2 trillion.
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch.
iCivics, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in the United States that provides educational online games and lesson plans to promote civics education and encourage students to become active citizens. iCivics was founded in 2009 by retired Supreme Court of the United States Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. iCivics's stated mission is to “ensure every student receives a high-quality civic education, and becomes engaged in – and beyond – the classroom.”
In the United States, elementary schools are the main point of delivery of primary education, for children between the ages of 4–11 and coming between pre-kindergarten and secondary education.
Eric David Miller is an American attorney and jurist serving as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Jay D. Wexler is an American legal scholar known for being the first to study laughter at the Supreme Court of the United States. His work also focuses on church-state issues, constitutional law, and environmental law. Wexler is a professor of law at the Boston University School of Law.
Dana Ann Remus is an American lawyer who served as White House counsel for U.S. President Joe Biden from January 2021 to July 2022. Prior to her appointment as White House counsel, Remus was general counsel for Joe Biden's 2020 presidential campaign. Earlier in her career, she was deputy assistant to the president and deputy counsel for ethics during the presidency of Barack Obama, was general counsel for the Obama Foundation from 2017 to 2019, and was counsel to Michelle Obama.
The Baseball Study was an academic experiment that tested how reading comprehension is impacted by prior knowledge. In 1987, education researchers Donna Recht and Lauren Leslie tested middle school students on the topic of baseball, evaluating their results based on the participant's reading abilities and prior knowledge of baseball. They concluded that prior knowledge was just as important as reading proficiency in the student's abilities to comprehend written text.