The National Civil Government [lower-alpha 1] was the short-lived supreme authority of the Polish rebel state during the January Uprising. It existed from 12 March to 21 March 1863, temporarily replacing the Provisional National Government. It functioned alongside the Dictator Executive Commission in Warsaw, both de jure under the rule of dictator Marian Langiewicz.
In 1863, started the January Uprising, the conflict fought in the Congress Poland, between Russian Empire, and the rebel forces fighting to reestablish the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. On 22 January 1863, the rebels had formed the Provisional National Government, which on 30 January, had nominated Ludwik Mierosławski to become the dictator of the rebellion, while he at the time resided in Paris. [1] [2] [3] He arrived in Poland on 17 February, however, due to his military defeat in the battles of Krzywosądz and Nowa Wieś, he retreated from the country, retiring to Paris. In such development, the Provisional National Government ordered him to return to the fight by 8 March, which did not happened. [2] [3]
On 12 March, the Whites faction, used the situation to their advantage, by convincing Marian Langiewicz, to become the new dictator. They have done that, by having their people pretend to him, to be the representatives of the Polish National Government. As such, Langiewicz had established the new governing body, the National Civil Government. Following that, the members of the Provisional National Government, had recognized the new government of Langiewicz, with him disestablishing the prior government and all its branches. However, the members of the previous government, had made an agreement, that, with the authorization of the dictator, the area of the country under the control of the enemy forces, will be governed by the Dictator Executive Commission in Warsaw instead. [4] [5]
On 19 March, Langiewicz, crossed the Polish border to Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, where he got arrested. As such, on 21 March, Stefan Bobrowski, the former chairperson of the Provisional National Government, had announced in Kraków, the disestablishment of the National Civil Government, with its replacemnet by the reestablished previous government. It included the formation of the coalition government, consisting of the representatives of the factions of Whites and Reds. [6] [5]
The government consisted of the four heads of the departments. They were:
The January Uprising was an insurrection principally in Russia's Kingdom of Poland that was aimed at the restoration of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It began on 22 January 1863 and continued until the last insurgents were captured by the Russian forces in 1864.
The November Uprising (1830–31), also known as the Polish–Russian War 1830–31 or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw when young Polish officers from the military academy of the Army of Congress Poland revolted, led by Lieutenant Piotr Wysocki. Large segments of the peoples of Lithuania, Belarus, and the Right-bank Ukraine soon joined the uprising. Although the insurgents achieved local successes, a numerically superior Imperial Russian Army under Ivan Paskevich eventually crushed the uprising. The Russian Emperor Nicholas I issued the Organic Statute in 1832, according to which henceforth Russian-occupied Poland would lose its autonomy and become an integral part of the Russian Empire. Warsaw became little more than a military garrison, and its university closed.
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World War II saw the cultivation of underground education in Poland. Secretly conducted education prepared scholars and workers for the postwar reconstruction of Poland and countered German and Soviet threats to eradicate Polish culture.
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Union of Polish Patriots was a political body created by Polish communists in the Soviet Union in 1943. The ZPP, unofficially controlled and directed by Joseph Stalin, became one of the founding structures of the Soviet-controlled communist government that after World War II took power in Poland.
Administrative Council was a part of Council of State of the Congress Poland. Introduced by the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815, it was composed of 5 ministers, special nominees of the King and the Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland. The Council executed King's will, ruled in the cases outside the ministers competence and prepared projects for the Council of State.
Prof. Andrzej Paczkowski is a Polish historian. Professor of Collegium Civitas, director of Modern History Studies in the Political Institute of Polish Academy of Sciences, member of Collegium of Institute of National Remembrance.
Stefan Bobrowski was a Polish politician and activist for Polish independence. He participated in the January 1863 Uprising as one of the leaders of its "Red" faction and as a member of that faction's Central National Committee, and of the Provisional National Government.
Zouaves of Death were a Polish military unit during the January Uprising, formed in February 1863 from volunteers in Ojców, Poland, by the Frenchman François Rochebrune. Rochebrune had been a sergeant in the French Zouaves. He based his formation on the French Zouaves, in which he had served during the Crimean War. The Zouaves of Death were highly regarded for their bravery, but they suffered high casualties and their numbers were severely depleted within months. The unit ceased to exist when the rebellion was defeated in 1864. After the fighting in Poland, Rochebrune returned to the French army, as a captain and later colonel.
The Battle of Grochowiska took place on 18 March 1863 at the village of Grochowiska near Pińczów, Poland during the Polish January Uprising against the Russian Empire. It involved a 3000 strong unit of Polish insurgents under the command of Marian Langiewicz which had been cornered by Russian forces numbering around 3500 soldiers and six artillery pieces. It was one of the most bloody, as well as one of the largest battles of the Uprising.
The Battle of Pieskowa Skała, one of many skirmishes of the January Uprising, took place on March 4, 1863, near Pieskowa Skała in southwestern corner of Russian-controlled Congress Poland. A party of Polish insurgents commanded by Marian Langiewicz, heading towards the border with Galicia, clashed with units of the Imperial Russian Army.
The Battle of Chroberz, one of many skirmishes of the January Uprising, took place on March 17, 1863, near the village of Chroberz in southwestern corner of Russian-controlled Congress Poland. A party of 3000 Polish insurgents commanded by Marian Langiewicz, clashed with units of the Imperial Russian Army. The Poles managed to defeat the enemy, with heavy losses on both sides.
The District of Opolian Silesia, also designated as the 1st District, was a district that acted as an provisional administrative division of Poland, during the administration of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland in 1945, and the Provisional Government of National Unity from 1945 to 1946. It was centered around the area of the Upper Silesia. It was established as one of four provisional districts on 14 March 1945, and existed until 28 June 1946, when it was abolished and incorporated into the Silesian Voivodeship. The head of the district was the attorney-in-fact of the government, Aleksander Zawadzki.
The North Warsaw County was a county within the city of Warsaw. It existed from 1928 to 1939, and from 1944 to 1957, as a county of Warsaw, that functioned as the voivodeship. From 1928 to 1939, it was under the administration of the Second Polish Republic, from 1944 to 1945, under the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland, from 1945 to 1947, under the Provisional Government of National Unity, and from 1947 to 1957, under the Polish People's Republic.
The West Warsaw County was a county within the city of Warsaw. It existed from 1944 to 1957, as a county of Warsaw, an independent city, that functioned as a voivodeship. From 1944 to 1945, it was under the administration of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland, from 1945 to 1947, under the Provisional Government of National Unity, and from 1947 to 1957, under the Polish People's Republic.
The Warsaw Praga-Północ County was a county within the city of Warsaw. It existed from 1944 to 1957, as a county of Warsaw, an independent city, that functioned as a voivodeship. From 1944 to 1945, it was under the administration of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland, from 1945 to 1947, under the Provisional Government of National Unity, and from 1947 to 1957, under the Polish People's Republic.
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The Dictator Executive Commission in Warsaw was the short-lived supreme authority of the Polish rebel state during the January Uprising, that administartad the territories remaining under the control of the enemy forces. It existed from 12 March to 21 March 1863, temporarily replacing the Provisional National Government. It functioned alongside the National Civil Government, both de jure under the rule of dictator Marian Langiewicz. Its seat was located in the city of Warsaw.
The battle of Coștangalia was the battle fought on 15 July 1863, near the village of Coștangalia, Romanian United Principalities. It was by the Roman forces, against the Polish rebels marching through territory of Romanian United Principalities, to join the rebels fighting in the January Uprising, in Poland. The battle ended with Polish victory, and the retreat of the Romanian forces. Despite the victory, the Polish insurgents capitulated to Romania two days later, on 17 July.