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A trade union or labor union, often simply referred to as a union, is an organisation of workers intent on "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment", such as attaining better wages and benefits, improving working conditions, improving safety standards, establishing complaint procedures, developing rules governing status of employees and protecting and increasing the bargaining power of workers.
A national trade union center is a federation or confederation of trade unions in a country. Nearly every country in the world has a national trade union center, and many have more than one. In some regions, such as the Nordic countries, different centers exist on a sectoral basis, for example, for blue collar workers and professionals.
The Australian Workers' Union (AWU) is one of Australia's largest and oldest trade unions. It traces its origins to unions founded in the pastoral and mining industries in the late 1880s and it currently has approximately 80,000 members. It has exercised an outsized influence on the Australian Trade Union movement and on the Australian Labor Party throughout its history.
Hilary Adair Marquand, was a British economist and Labour Party politician.
The All Pakistan Federation of Labour (APFOL) is a national trade union centre in Pakistan. It was founded in 1951 by Rahmatullah Chaudhary.
The most representative organization of the workers of Pakistan.
The All Pakistan Federation of United Trade Unions (APFUTU) is a national trade union centre in Pakistan. It was formed in 1992 and was registered by the National Industrial Relations Commission. The APFUTU has a membership of 652,723. The APFUTU-based industrial city of Gujrat (Punjab).
The All Pakistan Trade Union Congress (APTUC) is a national trade union center in Pakistan. It is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) based in Paris, France.
Trade unions in South Africa has a history dating back to the 1880s. From the beginning unions could be viewed as a reflection of the racial disunity of the country, with the earliest unions being predominantly for white workers. Through the turbulent years of 1948–1991 trade unions played an important part in developing political and economic resistance, and eventually were one of the driving forces in realising the transition to an inclusive democratic government.
Trade unions in Switzerland have their origins in the 19th century when the country began to industrialise. Workers' associations first formed in the 1860s which assumed union functions, mutual insurance activities, sponsored candidates for election and campaigned in referendums. In 1873 a number of the associations in the German-speaking areas formed the Workers' Federation, which represented around 5,000 by the late 1870s and campaigned for legislative reform. In 1880, the Workers' Federation dissolved itself into two separate wings; the Swiss Trade Union Federation (SGB/USS) and the Social Democratic Party.
Trade unions in Ghana first emerged in the 1920s and have played an important role in the country's economy and politics ever since.
Labor relations or labor studies is a field of study that can have different meanings depending on the context in which it is used. In an international context, it is a subfield of labor history that studies the human relations with regard to work in its broadest sense and how this connects to questions of social inequality. It explicitly encompasses unregulated, historical, and non-Western forms of labor. Here, labor relations define "for or with whom one works and under what rules. These rules determine the type of work, type and amount of remuneration, working hours, degrees of physical and psychological strain, as well as the degree of freedom and autonomy associated with the work." More specifically in a North American and strictly modern context, labor relations is the study and practice of managing unionized employment situations. In academia, labor relations is frequently a sub-area within industrial relations, though scholars from many disciplines including economics, sociology, history, law, and political science also study labor unions and labor movements. In practice, labor relations is frequently a subarea within human resource management. Courses in labor relations typically cover labor history, labor law, union organizing, bargaining, contract administration, and important contemporary topics.
In 1972, Pakistan's largest city, Karachi, witnessed major labour unrest in its industrial areas of S.I.T.E Industrial Area and Korangi-Landhi. Several protesting workers were killed or injured by police during this period. In a number of cases, workers briefly occupied their factories.
The Nationalisation process in Pakistan was a policy measure programme in the economic history of Pakistan, made Pakistan's industrialization worst and lifted the trust of businessmen and investors. It first introduced, promulgated and implemented by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Pakistan Peoples Party to lay the foundation of socialist economics reforms to improve the growth of national economy of Pakistan. Since the 1950s, the country had undergone a speedy industrialisation and became an industrial paradise in Asia. But, as time progressed, the labour trade unions and labour-working class had increasingly strained relations with the industrial business oligarch class, having neglected to improve working conditions and failing to provide a healthy and safe environment for the workers in these industrial industries.
Trade unions in Pakistan are regulated under provincial industrial relations acts. Under the Constitution of Pakistan, labour is considered a shared responsibility of the federal and provincial governments. The latest Industrial Relation Act was promulgated on 12 March 2012 by President of Pakistan. National Industrial Relations Commission (NIRC) was established under Labour Policy, 1972 as a quasi-judicial authority to promote genuine trade unionism, setting up industry-wise federations of unions and at the national levels. According to NIRC, in 2016 there were 1,390 trade unions with registered 1.4 million members. There are 16 registered federations and the ratio of total union members to total employment is 2.2%.
Robert Henry Farrah was a British trade unionist and politician.
The All Pakistan Confederation of Labour (APCOL) was a national trade union centre in Pakistan. It was formed in 1950 through a merger of PFL and EPFL and in the following years became the dominant trade union centre through government sponsorship. In the 1960s, it dissolved into PNFTU, APFOL and APFTU.
The Muttahida Labour Federation (MLF) is a national trade union centre in Pakistan, regarded as the country's second most important after the Pakistan Workers' Federation. The centre is primarily based in Sindh and the North-West Frontier Province.
The Home-Based Women Worker's Federation (HBWWF) is a trade union federation of home-based female workers in Pakistan. its also a first ever trade union of HBWs in Pakistan. The federation had around 4,500 members in 2019.
References
- 1 2 Zakaullah Khan Khalil (2018). A Profile of Trade Unionism and Industrial Relations in Pakistan (PDF) (Report). International Labour Organization.
- 1 2 Zia Ur Rehman (2019-10-05). "NLF's 50 years: analysing the 'only Islamic labour group' in country". The News International (newspaper).
- ↑ "Labour unions unite against privatisation". The Nation (Pakistani newspaper).
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